Minimizing then Closing Material Cycles: The Ignored Potential of Food Waste Reduction to Transform the Urban Food Metabolism of the Paris Metropolitan Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55845/joce-2025-3365Keywords:
Circular Economy, Urban Sustainability, Biowaste, Material Flow Analysis, Urban Food System, Nutrients, Urban Food Flows, Wasted FoodAbstract
Food waste constitutes the majority of biowaste in cities. Although its reduction is prioritized on political agendas, its potential to minimize environmental impacts from urban consumption and to limit the scale of closed material loops has been disregarded. This paper aims to quantify food waste at city level and to qualify its minimization potential by developing a method using the urban metabolism framework and a set of granular data sources, taking the Paris metropolitan area (France) as a case study. The findings show that, in 2014, food waste at the level of Paris metropolitan area amounted to 783 kt, that is, 101 kg per capita. They also show that a minimum of 29% of this food waste was subject to reduction policies since this share concerned once edible food wasted by households, the biggest contributing sector. Local authorities should monitor waste composition closely, at least for households and public institutions. A distinction should moreover be made between edible and inedible parts, as the politically desired increase of biowaste collection should be limited to the waste of inedible parts of food, controlled by means of efficient reduction policies for wasted food. This quantification study for the year 2014 can be considered a starting point, or a baseline, for the future assessment of food waste. Reduction targets for food waste announced by the government of cities like Paris can be effectively controlled only when a methodology and appropriate data are available to monitor progress.
References
Ademe. (2017). Modecom TM 2017. Campagne nationale de caractérisation des déchets ménagers et assimilés (No. 9791029716812; p. 62‑62).
Anses. (2017). Étude Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires 3 (INCA 3) 2017. 3(Inca 3), 1‑225.
Aramyan, L., Grainger, M., Logatcheva, K., Piras, S., Setti, M., Stewart, G., & Vittuari, M. (2021). Food waste reduction in supply chains through innovations : A review. Measuring Business Excellence, 25(4), 475‑492. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-11-2019-0105
Arosemena Polo, J.D., Toboso-Chavero, S., Adhikari, B., Villalba, G., 2024. Closing the nutrient cycle in urban areas: The use of municipal solid waste in peri-urban and urban agriculture. Waste Management 183, 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.05.009
Aschemann-Witzel, J., Asioli, D., Banovic, M., Perito, M. A., Peschel, A. O., & Stancu, V. (2023). Defining upcycled food : The dual role of upcycling in reducing food loss and waste. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 132, 132‑137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.001
Bahers, J., & Giacchè, G. (2018). Towards a metabolic rift analysis : The case of urban agriculture and organic waste management in Rennes ( France ) Geoforum Towards a metabolic rift analysis : The case of urban agriculture and organic waste management in Rennes ( France ). Geoforum, November, 1‑11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.10.017
Barles, S. (2009). Urban Metabolism of Paris and Its Region. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, 13(6), 898‑913. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00169.x
Barrault, B. (2019, novembre 18). Treatment of separately collected bio-waste in Île-de-France [Communication personnelle].
Barrault, B., & Lemaire, A. (2022). Les déchets alimentaires en Île-de-France [Les notices de l’ORDIF]. Institut Paris Région.
Beretta, C., Stoessel, F., Baier, U., & Hellweg, S. (2013). Quantifying food losses and the potential for reduction in Switzerland. Waste Management, 33(3), 764‑773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.007
Bernstad Saraiva Schott, A., & Andersson, T. (2015). Food waste minimization from a life-cycle perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 147(April), 219 226-219 226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.048
Betz, A., Buchli, J., Göbel, C., & Müller, C. (2015). Food waste in the Swiss food service industry—Magnitude and potential for reduction. WASTE MANAGEMENT, 35, 218‑226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.015
Caldeira, C., De Laurentiis, V., Ghose, A., Corrado, S., & Sala, S. (2021). Grown and thrown : Exploring approaches to estimate food waste in EU countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 168(December 2020), 105426‑105426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105426
Caldeira, C., Laurentiis, V. D., Corrado, S., Holsteijn, F. V., & Sala, S. (2019). Quantification of food waste per product group along the food supply chain in Europe : A Mass Flow Analysis. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 149(June), 479‑488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.06.011
Casonato, C., García-Herrero, L., Caldeira, C., & Sala, S. (2023). What a waste ! Evidence of consumer food waste prevention and its effectiveness. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 41, 305‑319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.08.002
Clark, M., & Tilman, D. (2017). Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Environmental Research Letters, 12(6), 064016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5
Codoban, N., & Kennedy, C. A. (2008). Metabolism of neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 134(1), 21‑31. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2008)134:1(21)
Comerso. (2025). Baromètre 2025 Anti-Gaspi, Valorisation déchets & Economie Circulaire (p. 68).
Conseil Régional Ile-de-France. (2019). Plan Régional de Prévention et de Gestion des Déchets ( PRPGD ).
Corrado, S., Caldeira, C., Eriksson, M., Hanssen, O. J., Hauser, H.-E., van Holsteijn, F., Liu, G., Östergren, K., Parry, A., Secondi, L., Stenmarck, Å., & Sala, S. (2019). Food waste accounting methodologies : Challenges, opportunities, and further advancements. Global Food Security, 20, 93‑100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GFS.2019.01.002
Czernik, F., Fastenrath, S., & Bernzen, A. (2025). Contextualising circular economies – Insights from the urban food waste literature. Progress in Economic Geography, 3(2), 100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peg.2025.100052
De Oliveira, H. (2023). Le tri des déchets alimentaires, enfin? (Note rapide de l’Institut Paris Région No. 986). Institut Paris Région.
DRIAAF. (2018). PANORAMA DES INDUSTRIES AGROALIMENTAIRES: 2018 FICHE RÉGIONALE ÎLE-DE-FRANCE. 2, 1‑6.
Eriksson, M., Strid, I., & Hansson, P.-A. (2016). Food waste reduction in supermarkets—Net costs and benefits of reduced storage temperature. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 107, 73‑81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.022
Esculier, F., Le Noe, J., Barles, S., Billen, G., Creno, B., Garnier, J., Lesavre, J., Petit, L., & Tabuchi, J.-P. (2019). The biogeochemical imprint of human metabolism in Paris Megacity : A regionalized analysis of a water-agro-food system. JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, 573, 1028‑1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.043
European Commission. (2008). DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 November 2008 on waste (p. 30). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098&from=EN
European Commission. (2018). DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/851 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Numéro 1907, p. 140).
European Commission. (2019). COMMISSION DELEGATED DECISION (EU) 2019/1597 of 3 May 2019 supplementing Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards a common methodology and minimum quality requirements for the uniform measurement of levels of food wast (p. 85).
European Commission. (2022). The power of waste : Boosting its use to supply clean energy and organic fertilisers [News article]. News. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/power-waste-boosting-its-use-supply-clean-energy-and-organic-fertilisers-2022-09-19_en
Eurostat. (2018). Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts Handbook.
EUROSTAT. (2022). Food waste and food waste prevention by NACE Rev. 2 activity—Tonnes of fresh mass. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/env_wasfw/default/table?lang=en
Eurostat. (2023). Food waste and food waste prevention—Estimates [Billet]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Food_waste_and_food_waste_prevention_-_estimates&stable=0&redirect=no#Methodology
Evans, D., Jackson, P., Truninger, M., Meah, A., Baptista, J. A., & Nunes, N. (2019). Fresh is best ? New perspectives on sustainable food systems.
Filimonau, V., Krivcova, M., & Pettit, F. (2019). An exploratory study of managerial approaches to food waste mitigation in coffee shops. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 48‑57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.010
Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Weisz, H. (1999). Society as a Hybrid Between Material and Symbolic Realms. Toward a Theoretical Framework of Society-Nature Interaction. Advances in Human Ecology, 8(October), 215‑251.
Forkes, J. (2007). Nitrogen balance for the urban food metabolism of Toronto, Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(1), 74‑94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.02.003
Garcia-Herrero, I., Hoehn, D., Margallo, M., Laso, J., Bala, A., Batlle-Bayer, L., Fullana, P., Vazquez-Rowe, I., Gonzalez, M. J., Durá, M. J., Sarabia, C., Abajas, R., Amo-Setien, F. J., Quiñones, A., Irabien, A., & Aldaco, R. (2018). On the estimation of potential food waste reduction to support sustainable production and consumption policies. Food Policy, 80, 24‑38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.08.007
Gentil, E. C., Gallo, D., & Christensen, T. H. (2011). Environmental evaluation of municipal waste prevention. Waste Management, 31(12), 2371‑2379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.030
Gojard, S., Masson, M., Blumenthal, D., & Véron, B. (2021). To keep or not to keep ? Sorting out leftovers from a refrigerator. Appetite, 165(May 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105312
Goldstein, B., Birkved, M., Fernández, J., & Hauschild, M. (2017). Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(1), 151‑165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12384
Gómez, M., & Martinez, M. M. (2023). Redistribution of surplus bread particles into the food supply chain. LWT, 173, 114281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114281
GREC Île-de-France. (2024). Orchestrer les flux de matières organiques urbaines Une réflexion à partir du cas de la Ville de Paris Carnet.
Guerra-Oliveira, P., Belorio, M., & Gómez, M. (2021). Waste Bread as Main Ingredient for Cookie Elaboration. Foods, 10(8), 1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081759
Guibrunet, L., Hoekman, P., Bortolotti, A., & Battersby, J. (2024). Data requirements for a systematic analysis of urban food flows and their sustainability outcomes. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 23998083241298431. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241298431
Guibrunet, L., & Sánchez Jiménez, A. (2023). The current and potential role of urban metabolism studies to analyze the role of food in urban sustainability. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 27(1), 196‑209. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13361
Haroon, S., Vinthan, A., Negron, L., Das, S., & Berenjian, A. (2016). Biotechnological approaches for production of high value compounds from bread waste. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 12(2), 102‑109. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.102.109
Hoekman, P., & von Blottnitz, H. (2017). Cape Towns Metabolism : Insights from a Material Flow Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(5), 1237‑1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12508
Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Environment : Waste production must peak this century. Nature, 502(7473), 615‑617. https://doi.org/10.1038/502615a
Income Consulting AK2C. (2016). Pertes et gaspillages alimentaires : L’état des lieux et leur gestion par étapes de la chaîne alimentaire (p. 164‑164). http://www.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/assets/documents/pertes-et-gaspillages-alimentaires-201605-rapport.pdf
Ioannou, A., Georgali, P.-Z., & Fokaides, P. A. (2022). Quantification of food waste in an insular island state for all stages of the food supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 185, 106486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106486
Journal Officiel. (2010). LOI n° 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l’environnement.
Journal Officiel. (2020). LOI n° 2020-105 du 10 février 2020 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l’économie circulaire.
Kircher, M., Aranda, E., Athanasios, P., Radojcic-Rednovnikov, I., Romantschuk, M., Ryberg, M., Schock, G., Shilev, S., Stanescu, M. D., Stankeviciute, J., Surmacz-Górska, J., Tsipa, A., Vasquez, M., Villano, M., & Vorgias, C. E. (2023). Treatment and valorization of bio-waste in the EU. EFB Bioeconomy Journal, 3, 100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeco.2023.100051
Kummu, M., de Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., & Ward, P. J. (2012). Lost food, wasted resources : Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 477‑489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092
Lai, M., Rangan, A., & Grech, A. (2022). Enablers and barriers of harnessing food waste to address food insecurity : A scoping review. Nutrition Reviews, 80(8), 1836‑1855. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac012
Leverenz, D., Moussawel, S., Maurer, C., Hafner, G., Schneider, F., Schmidt, T., & Kranert, M. (2019). Quantifying the prevention potential of avoidable food waste in households using a self-reporting approach. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 150, 104417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104417
Li, X., Hu, W., Li, J., & Qing, P. (2024). The actionability of household food waste reduction. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 51, 55‑66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.08.028
Liu, C., Mao, C., Bunditsakulchai, P., Sasaki, S., & Hotta, Y. (2020). Food waste in Bangkok : Current situation, trends and key challenges. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 157, 104779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104779
Malefors, C., Hellman, R., Sjölund, A., & Eriksson, M. (2024). The Swedish fika down the drain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 211, 107853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107853
Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. (s. d.). https://www.milanurbanfoodpolicypact.org
Mirabella, N., & Allacker, K. (2021). The population equivalent as a novel approach for life cycle assessment of cities and inter-city comparisons. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26(8), 1623‑1647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01944-8
Moreno, L. C., Tran, T., & Potts, M. D. (2020). Consider a broccoli stalk : How the concept of edibility influences quantification of household food waste. Journal of Environmental Management, 256(May 2019), 109977‑109977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109977
Nicholes, M. J., Quested, T. E., Reynolds, C., Gillick, S., & Parry, A. D. (2019). Surely you don’t eat parsnip skins ? Categorising the edibility of food waste. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 147(November 2018), 179‑188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.004
NRDC. (2019). Tackling Food Waste in Cities : A Policy and Program Toolkit (Numéro February, p. 53‑53).
Nunkoo, R., Bhadain, M., & Baboo, S. (2021). Household food waste : Attitudes, barriers and motivations. British Food Journal, 123(6), 2016‑2035. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-03-2020-0195
Okayama, T., Watanabe, K., & Yamakawa, H. (2024). Which Food Parts Are Considered Edible And Should Be Included In Food Waste Reduction Targets. Detritus, 26, 44‑53. https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.18359
Olano-Oteiza, B. U., Amador-Cervera, M., Vargas-Viedma, M. V., & Alonso-Vicario, A. (2025). Advanced food waste quantification at municipal level to strengthen the assessment of prevention actions. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 29535. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12943-2
Oldfield, T. L., White, E., & Holden, N. M. (2016). An environmental analysis of options for utilising wasted food and food residue. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 826‑835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.035
ORDIF. (2014). Les déchets de la métropole du Grand Paris 2014 (p. 36‑36).
ORDIF. (2017). Données de caractérisations locales des ordures ménagères résiduelles (OMr) en Île-de-France.
Padeyanda, Y., Jang, Y.-C., Ko, Y., & Yi, S. (2016). Evaluation of environmental impacts of food waste management by material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT, 18(3), 493‑508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0510-3
Papangelou, A., Achten, W. M. J., & Mathijs, E. (2020). Phosphorus and energy flows through the food system of Brussels Capital Region. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 156, 104687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104687
Pateman, R. M., De Bruin, A., Piirsalu, E., Reynolds, C., Stokeld, E., & West, S. E. (2020). Citizen Science for Quantifying and Reducing Food Loss and Food Waste. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 589089. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.589089
Porter, J. R., Dyball, R., Dumaresq, D., Deutsch, L., & Matsuda, H. (2014). Feeding capitals : Urban food security and self-provisioning in Canberra, Copenhagen and Tokyo. Global Food Security, 3(1), 1‑7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.09.001
Porter, S. D., Reay, D. S., Bomberg, E., & Higgins, P. (2018). Avoidable food losses and associated production-phase greenhouse gas emissions arising from application of cosmetic standards to fresh fruit and vegetables in Europe and the UK. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 869‑878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.079
Redlingshöfer, B. (2022). Food waste in cities : An urban metabolism approach applied to Paris and Île-de-France [Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin]. https://doi.org/10.18452/24362
Redlingshöfer, B. (2024). Le gaspillage alimentaire dans les villes : Une approche par le métabolisme urbain pour éclairer les politiques [Food waste in cities : An urban metabolism approach to inform policies]. Techniques, Sciences, Méthodes (TSM).
Redlingshöfer, B., Barles, S., & Weisz, H. (2020). Are waste hierarchies effective in reducing environmental impacts from food waste ? A systematic review for OECD countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 156(November 2018), 104723‑104723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104723
Redlingshöfer, B., Coudurier, B., & Georget, M. (2017). Quantifying food loss during primary production and processing in France. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 703‑714.
Redlingshöfer, B., Hoang, H.-M., & Lochet, S. (2024). How can we optimize the new link in the fight against food waste?
Reynolds, C., Goucher, L., Quested, T., Bromley, S., Gillick, S., Wells, V. K., Evans, D., Koh, L., Carlsson Kanyama, A., Katzeff, C., Svenfelt, Å., Jackson, P., Carlsson, A., Katzeff, C., Svenfelt, Å., & Jackson, P. (2019). Review : Consumption-stage food waste reduction interventions – What works and how to design better interventions. Food Policy, 83, 7‑27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.01.009
Ryen, E. G., & Babbitt, C. W. (2022). The role of U.S. policy in advancing circular economy solutions for wasted food. Journal of Cleaner Production, 369, 133200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133200
Salemdeeb, R., Font Vivanco, D., Al-Tabbaa, A., & Zu Ermgassen, E. K. H. J. (2017). A holistic approach to the environmental evaluation of food waste prevention. Waste Management, 59, 442‑450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.042
Sanz Sanz, E., Walthall, B., Napoleone, C., Vicente-Vicente, J.-L., Hinojosa, L., & Piorr, A. (2023). Choosing modelling approaches for participatory food governance in city-regions. Comprehensive guidelines for a system-perspective selection. Environmental Science & Policy, 145, 139‑150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.021
Silvennoinen, K., Nisonen, S., & Katajajuuri, J.-M. (2022). Food waste amount, type, and climate impact in urban and suburban regions in Finnish households. Journal of Cleaner Production, 378, 134430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134430
Stenmarck, Å., Jensen, C., Quested, T., & Moates, G. (2016). Estimates of European food waste levels (No. 9789188319012; p. 80). https://www.eu-fusions.org/phocadownload/Publications/Estimates of European food waste levels.pdf
Stone, T. F., Thompson, J. R., Rosentrater, K. A., & Liebman, M. (2023). Modeling a localized metropolitan food system in the Midwest USA : Life cycle impacts of scenarios for Des Moines, Iowa. Science of The Total Environment, 865, 161095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161095
Sundin, N., Bartek, L., Persson Osowski, C., Strid, I., & Eriksson, M. (2023). Sustainability assessment of surplus food donation : A transfer system generating environmental, economic, and social values. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 38, 41‑54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.03.022
Sundin, N., Halvarsson, R., Scherhaufer, S., Schneider, F., & Eriksson, M. (2024). From plate to waste : Composition of school meal waste and associated carbon footprint and nutrient loss. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 206, 107656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107656
Svirejeva-Hopkins, A., Reis, S., Magid, J., Nardoto, G. B., Barles, S., Bouwman, A. F., Erzi, I., Kousoulidou, M., Howard, C. M., & Sutton, M. A. (2011). Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes. In A. Bleeker, B. Grizzetti, C. M. Howard, G. Billen, H. van Grinsven, J. W. Erisman, M. A. Sutton, & P. Grennfelt (Éds.), The European Nitrogen Assessment : Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives (Vol. 1‑January, p. 249‑270). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976988.015
Syctom. (2016). Dispositif de soutien au développement de la pratique du compostage de proximité. Evaluation des programmes de compostage année 1 (2015).
Syctom. (2022). Rapport d’activité 2022.
Teigiserova, D. A., Hamelin, L., & Thomsen, M. (2020). Towards transparent valorization of food surplus, waste and loss : Clarifying definitions, food waste hierarchy, and role in the circular economy. Science of the Total Environment, 706, 136033‑136033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136033
Tilman, D., & Clark, M. (2014). Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Nature, 515(7528), 518‑522. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13959
Tonini, D., Wandl, A., Meister, K., Unceta, P. M., Taelman, S. E., Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Dewulf, J., & Huygens, D. (2020). Quantitative sustainability assessment of household food waste management in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 160, 104854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104854
Tseng, W.-L., & Chiueh, P.-T. (2015). Urban Metabolism of Recycling and Reusing Food Waste : A Case Study in Taipei City. Procedia Engineering, 118, 992‑999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.540
Turner, D. A., Williams, I. D., & Kemp, S. (2016). Combined material flow analysis and life cycle assessment as a support tool for solid waste management decision making. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 234‑248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.077
UNEP DTU. (2021). Reducing Consumer Food Waste Using Green and Digital Technologies.
Usubiaga, A., Butnar, I., & Schepelmann, P. (2018). Wasting Food, Wasting Resources : Potential Environmental Savings Through Food Waste Reductions. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(3), 574‑584. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12695
van Geffen, L., van Herpen, E., & Sijtsema, S. J. (2020). A broader perspective on household food waste : A call for encompassing consumers’ food related goals, the food system, and the impact of reduction activities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105041
Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2006). Sustainable food consumption : Exploring the consumer « attitude—Behavioral intention » gap. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), 169‑194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-005-5485-3
Ville de Paris. (2014). Rapport annuel sur le prix et la qualité du service public de gestion des déchets à Paris.
Ville de Paris. (2015). Rapport annuel sur le prix et la qualité du service public de gestion des déchets à Paris.
Ville de Paris. (2017). Programme Local de Prévention des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés (PLPDMA) de la Ville de Paris.
Ville de Paris. (2021). Rapport annuel 2021 sur le prix et la qualité du service public de prévention et de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés à Paris.
Ville de Paris. (2022). Rapport annuel 2022 sur le prix et la qualité du service public de prévention et de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés à Paris.
Walker, R. V., & Beck, M. B. (2012). Understanding the metabolism of urban-rural ecosystems A multi-sectoral systems analysis. URBAN ECOSYSTEMS, 15(4), 809 848-809 848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0241-8
Weidema, B. P., & Wesnæs, M. S. (1996). Data quality management for life cycle inventories—An example of using data quality indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 4(3‑4), 167‑174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(96)00043-1
Weisz, H., & Steinberger, J. K. (2010). Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), 185‑192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.05.010
Weisz, H., Suh, S., & Graedel, T. E. (2015). Industrial Ecology : The role of manufactured capital in sustainability. PNAS, 112(20), 6260‑6264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506532112
WWF. (2021). Driven To Waste : The Global Impact of Food Loss and Waste on Farms. 145‑145.
Xue, L., Song, G., & Liu, G. (2024). Wasted Food, Wasted Resources? A Critical Review of Environmental Impact Analysis of Food Loss and Waste Generation and Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(17), 7240‑7255. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c08426
Zeller, V., Towa, E., Degrez, M., & Achten, W. M. J. (2019). Urban waste flows and their potential for a circular economy model at city-region level. WASTE MANAGEMENT, 83, 83‑94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.034
Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Du, J., Wang, M., Wu, W., & Liu, G. (2023). Material flow analysis and characteristics of multiple-source organic solid wastes from a perspective of ecological network analysis : A case study in Hefei, China. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 41(5), 987‑996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221136467
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the course of the current study, which are not publicly available and referenced above, are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Redlingshöfer (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
