Unlocking Potentials of Blue Economy: The Status, Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55845/joce-2026-41276Keywords:
Blue Economy, Sustainability, Ocean Resources, Socio-Economic Development, Aquatic EcosystemsAbstract
The Blue Economy refers to the sustainable use of ocean and aquatic resources for sustainable economic growth, improved livelihoods, and job creation, while preserving the health of aquatic ecosystems and resilient of aquatic environment. This review assessed the current status of the Blue Economy and highlighted its significance to the national economies and sustainable development. It has explored key sectors such as fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transport, eco-tourism, and renewable energy. In addition, the review also identified the major challenges hindering the full realization of Blue Economy potentials, including overfishing, marine pollution, and climate change. Furthermore, it has provided actionable insights and forward-looking recommendations for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners. The findings demonstrate how countries can sustainably and inclusively harness their aquatic resources to advance economic development, environmental stewardship, and resilience.
References
Abdul, I. M., Kamilu, M., Maiyanga, I. E., Yaji, I. L., Yerima, A. K., & Ibrahim, A. T. (2024). The Role of Post-Harvest Technologies in the Handling and Preservation of Fish and Fish Products in Nigeria: A Mini-Review. Journal of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Animal Science, 1(1), 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69739/jaaas.v1i1.21
Abdulqader, E. A., Abdurahiman, P., Mansour, L., Harrath, A. H., Qurban, M. A., & Rabaoui, L. (2020). Bycatch and discards of shrimp trawling in the Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf: Ecosystem impact assessment and implications for a sustainable fishery management. Fisheries Research, 229, 105596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105596
Abirami, A. (2024). Marine pollution and waste management. Journal of Law and Legal Research Development, 1(2), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.69662/jllrd.v1i2.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.69662/jllrd.v1i2.10
Acharjee, D. C., Hossain, M. I., & Alam, G. M. (2021). Post-harvest fish loss in the fish value chain and the determinants: empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Aquaculture International, 29(4), 1711-1720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00711-8
Agboola, J. I. (2014). Technological innovation and developmental strategies for sustainable management of aquatic resources in developing countries. Environmental management, 54(6), 1237-1248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0358-z
Ahmed, N., & Turchini, G. M. (2021). Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS): Environmental solution and climate change adaptation. Journal of Cleaner production, 297, 126604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126604
Aich, N., Nama, S., Biswal, A., & Paul, T. (2020). A review on recirculating aquaculture systems: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable aquaculture. Innovative Farming, 5(1), 17-24.
Airoldi, L. (2004). Status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe and identification of potential agency and NGO partners. CRIS Current Research Information System. https://hdl.handle.net/11585/37346
Al‐Baz, A., & Chen, W. (2015). An assessment of bycatch reduction devices in Kuwait's shrimp trawl fishery. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12653
Alfiandri, A., & Mayarni, M. (2023). Implementation model of governance policy for developing coastal border ecotourism in Indonesia. In BIO Web of Conferences, 70 (04005), 13. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237004005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237004005
Almeida, M., Corticeiro, S., Oliveira, B. R., Laranjeiro, D., Lillebø, A., & Vieira, H. (2025). The needs and challenges of the BE sector in Portugal: bridging national and European strategies with the perceptions of the stakeholders. Journal of Environmental Management, 384, 125468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125468
Andriamahefazafy, M. & Failler, P. (2022). Towards a circular economy for African Islands: An analysis of existing baselines and strategies. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 2(1), 47-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-021-00059-4
Aniebone, V. O., Imo, D. O., & Shonde, O. O. (2024). Nutrients pollution of the coastal marine ecosystems. International Journal of Innovative Agriculture & Biology Research, 12(2), 82-95.
Apriyanti, M. E. (2024). The importance of tourism infrastructure in increasing domestic and international tourism. International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 3(4), 113-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i4.46
Arabadzhyan, A., Figini, P., García, C., González, M. M., Lam-González, Y. E., & León, C. J. (2021). Climate change, coastal tourism, and impact chains–a literature review. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(16), 2233-2268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1825351
Aref, F. (2011). Barriers to community capacity building for tourism development in communities in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 347-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.517314
Arnupapboon, S., Saikliang, P., Suasi, T., Tiaye, R., Thimkhrap, T., Manomayithikan, K., & van Anrooy, R. (2023). Assessment of the sustainability of fishing technologies and operations in Thailand: Options for innovation. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 1263. FAO, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8501en
Arora, N. K., Mishra, I., & Arora, P. (2023). SDG 14: life below water-viable oceans necessary for a sustainable planet. Environmental Sustainability, 6(4), 433-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-023-00299-0
Asmiya, A., Musthafa, M. M., Martínez‐Vázquez, R. M., Najim, M. M. M., & Marikar, F. M. M. T. (2025). Sustainable Use of Marine Resources and Perspectives of BE in Sustainable Development in Developing Countries. In Food Systems and Biodiversity in the Context of Environmental and Climate Risks: Dynamics and Evolving Solutions (pp. 237-262). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89167-0_9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89167-0_9
Attri, V. N. (2018). The BE and the theory of paradigm shifts. The BE handbook of the Indian ocean region (p 15-37). Africa Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. http://www.iora.int/sites/default/files/2024-04/the-blue-economy-and-iora-2016.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgc60f0.8
Bari, A. (2017). Our oceans and the BE: Opportunities and challenges. Procedia engineering, 194, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.109
Basurto, X., Bennett, A., Weaver, A. H., Dyck, S. R. V., & Aceves-Bueno, J. S. (2013). Cooperative and noncooperative strategies for small-scale fisheries’ self-governance in the globalization era: implications for conservation. Ecology and Society, 18(4), 38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269412 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05673-180438
Ben-Hasan, A., & Christensen, V. (2019). Vulnerability of the marine ecosystem to climate change impacts in the Arabian Gulf—an urgent need for more research. Global ecology and conservation, 17, e00556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00556
Benjamins, S., Williamson, B., Billing, S. L., Yuan, Z., Collu, M., Fox, C., & Wilson, B. (2024). Potential environmental impacts of floating solar photovoltaic systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 199, 114463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114463
Bennett, M., March, A., & Failler, P. (2024). BE financing solutions for the fisheries and aquaculture sectors of Caribbean Island States. Fishes, 9(8), 305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9080305
Bennett, N. J., & Dearden, P. (2014). From measuring outcomes to providing inputs: Governance, management, and local development for more effective marine protected areas. Marine Policy, 50, 96-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.05.005
Bishoge, O. K., Kombe, G. G., & Mvile, B. N. (2020). Community participation in the renewable energy sector in Tanzania: Community participation in the renewable energy sector. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 28, 121-134.
Blanchard, J. L., Watson, R. A., Fulton, E. A., Cottrell, R. S., Nash, K. L., Bryndum-Buchholz, A., & Jennings, S. (2017). Linked sustainability challenges and trade-offs among fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture. Nature ecology and evolution, 1(9), 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0258-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0258-8
Bonilla, J. C. (1997). Participatory ecotourism planning. Conservation International.
Borriello, A., Guillen, J., & Quatrini, S. (2025). Remuneration and attractiveness of EU BE sectors. Marine Policy, 178, 106720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106720
Boussarie, G., Kopp, D., Méhault, S., & Morfin, M. (2020). High survivability of discarded invertebrates from bottom trawling fisheries. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40, 101543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101543
Bower, S. D., Nguyen, V. M., Danylchuk, A. J., Beard Jr, T. D., & Cooke, S. J. (2014). Inter-sectoral conflict and recreational fisheries of the developing world: opportunities and challenges for co-operation. Enhancing stewardship in small-scale fisheries: practices and perspectives. Too Big To Ignore and CERMES, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados, 88-97.
Boyd, C. E., D'Abramo, L. R., Glencross, B. D., Huyben, D. C., Juarez, L. M., Lockwood, G. S., & Valenti, W. C. (2020). Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 51(3), 578-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714
Brennan, J., Fitzsimmons, C., Gray, T., & Raggatt, L. (2014). EU marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) and marine spatial planning (MSP): Which is the more dominant and practicable contributor to maritime policy in the UK? Marine Policy, 43, 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.07.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.07.011
Brodie Rudolph, T., Ruckelshaus, M., Swilling, M., Allison, E. H., Österblom, H., Gelcich, S., & Mbatha, P. (2020). A transition to sustainable ocean governance. Nature communications, 11(1), 3600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17410-2
Bu, F., & Nachtmann, H. (2023). Literature review and comparative analysis of inland waterways transport:“Container on Barge”. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 25(1), 140-173. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-021-00195-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-021-00195-6
Buck, B. H., Troell, M. F., Krause, G., Angel, D. L., Grote, B., & Chopin, T. (2018). State of the art and challenges for offshore integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00165
Buhiyan, A. A. H., Al Muntasir, M. F., & Orpa, S. H. (2025). Navigating the BE in Bangladesh: Strategic prospects, challenges and pathways toward sustainable maritime growth. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(3): 366-379. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2025.23.3.0181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2025.23.3.0181
Burden, H., Stenberg, S., Carlgren, L., & Sjöblom, T. (2023). The Swedish policy lab for maritime autonomous surface ships. Transportation Research Procedia, 72, 1840-1847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.661
Caldeira, M., Sekinairai, A. T., & Vierros, M. (2025). Weaving science and traditional knowledge: Toward sustainable solutions for ocean management. Marine Policy, 174, 106591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106591 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106591
Campbell, L. M. (1999). Ecotourism in rural developing communities. Annals of tourism research, 26(3), 534-553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00005-5
Campos-Silva, J. V., & Peres, C. A. (2016). Community-based management induces rapid recovery of a high-value tropical freshwater fishery. Scientific reports, 6(1), 34745. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34745
Carneiro, M., & Martins, R. (2021). Destructive fishing practices and their impact on the marine ecosystem. In Life below water (pp. 1-11). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71064-8_10-1
Carolyn, N. (2022). Sustainable Ocean Economy Country Diagnostics of Cabo Verde”, Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://coilink.org/ 20.500.12592/qm5qr5
Carpenter, A. (2012). Introduction: The role of the European Union as a global player in environmental governance. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 8(2), 167-172. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v8i2.480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v8i2.533
Chakraborty, S., Saha, S. K., & Selim, S. A. (2020). Recreational services in tourism dominated coastal ecosystems: Bringing the non-economic values into focus. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 30, 100279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100279
Chatterjee, D., Sadhu, S., & Paul, T. (2025). Advancements in marine science: Exploring oceanic biodiversity, climate change impacts, and sustainable conservation strategies. Journal of Advanced Research in Medical Science and Technology, 12(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24321/2394.6539.202501
Chauhan, N. (2025). Empowering communities and preserving heritage: Case studies on socially responsible travel through fair trade tourism. In Meaningful Tourism: Strategies and Future Development (pp. 163-182). Emerald Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-837-320251024
Chen, K., Jin, Y., Feng, Y., Song, W., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., & Chen, R. (2024). Floating solar power as an alternative to hydropower expansion along China's Yellow River. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 207, 107689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107689
Chen, M., Wang, Y., & Xu, Z. (2024). A framework for assessing the blue equity of social-ocean systems in marine governance transformation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1403194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1403194
China Council for International Cooperation on Environment, & Development (CCICED) Secretariat. (2023). Building an Inclusive, Green and Low-Carbon Economy: CCICED Annual Policy Report 2022. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9861-4
Choudhary, P., Khade, M., Savant, S., Musale, A., Chelliah, M. S., & Dasgupta, S. (2021). Empowering BE: From underrated ecosystem to sustainable industry. Journal of environmental management, 291, 112697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112697
Chuenpagdee, R. (2011). Thinking big on small-scale Fisheries. Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: A Global Perspective, 226-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920943.016
Chung, I. K., Sondak, C. F., & Beardall, J. (2017). The future of seaweed aquaculture in a rapidly changing world. European Journal of Phycology, 52(4), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1359678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2017.1359678
Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., Breakey, H., Bossier, S., Croft, F., Issifu, I., Keefer, J., & Ota, Y. (2025). Social equity indicators for a BE: Guidelines for application. Marine Policy, 180, 106815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106815
Colgan, C. S., Forbes, V. L., & Mwanyoka, I. (2021). Measuring the BE. In The BE in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 197-219). Routledge. https://cbe.miis.edu/publications/3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367822729-11
Constant, C., Kotarbinski, M., Stefek, J., Green, R., DeGeorge, E., & Baring-Gould, I. (2021). Accelerating ocean-based renewable energy educational opportunities to achieve a clean energy future. Progress in Energy, 3(4), 042002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac1509
Cook, G. (2024). The Planning, Design, and Delivery of Environmental Education and Interpretation in Ecotourism: A Case Study of Tiritiri Matangi Island. Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand.
Corboș, R. A., Bunea, O. I., & Moncea, M. I. (2024). A literature review on tourism infrastructure investments and their impact on tourism development. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 18(1), 268–278.
Cordova, M., Fertig, M. B., & Hahn, I. S. (2025). Impacts of global supply chains on ocean health and mitigation practices: a systematic literature review. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, 15, 100228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100228
Criales-Hernandez, M. I., Duarte, L. O., García, C. B., & Manjarrés, L. (2006). Ecosystem impacts of the introduction of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical shrimp trawl fishery: Insights through simulation. Fisheries research, 77(3), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.10.005
Croft, F., Breakey, H., Voyer, M., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Issifu, I., Solitei, M., & Pouponneau, A. (2024). Rethinking BE governance–A BE equity model as an approach to operationalise equity. Environmental Science and Policy, 155, 103710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103710
Das, G. K. (2023). Coastal tourism and pollution. In Coastal environments of India: A coastal West Bengal perspective (pp. 213-232). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18846-6_11
Das, J. (2023). BE, blue growth, social equity and small-scale fisheries: a global and national level review. Studies in Social Science Research, 4(1), 38-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v4n1p38
Dash, B., & Balamurugan, G. (2024). Sustainable tourism, livelihood and coastal governance: Chilika lake, India. Ocean & Coastal Management, 253, 107128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107128
Davenport, J., & Davenport, J. L. (2006). The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: a review. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 67(1-2), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.11.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.11.026
Davies, R. W., Cripps, S. J., Nickson, A., & Porter, G. (2009). Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch. Marine Policy, 33(4), 661-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.01.003
De Groot, R., Brander, L., Van Der Ploeg, S., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., ... & Van Beukering, P. (2012). Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem services, 1(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005
Deepananda, K. A., & Macusi, E. D. (2012). The changing climate and its implications to capture fisheries: a review. Journal of Nature Studies, 11(1&2), 71-87.
Dias, Á., Viana, J., & Pereira, L. (2024). Barriers and policies affecting the implementation of sustainable tourism: The Portuguese experience. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 18(1). 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2024.2314514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2024.2314514
Ding, Y., & Tabeta, S. (2024). A comprehensive index for assessing the sustainable BE: A Japanese application. Ocean & Coastal Management, 258, 107401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107401
Dirma, V., Neverauskienė, L. O., Tvaronavičienė, M., Danilevičienė, I., & Tamošiūnienė, R. (2024). The impact of renewable energy development on economic growth. Energies, 17(24), 6328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246328
Diz, D., Johnson, D., Riddell, M., Rees, S., Battle, J., Gjerde, K., & Roberts, J. M. (2018). Mainstreaming marine biodiversity into the SDGs: the role of other effective area-based conservation measures (SDG 14.5). Marine Policy, 93, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.019
Doney, S. C., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, J. E., Barry, J. P., Chan, F., English, C. A., & Talley, L. D. (2012). Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Annual review of marine science, 4, 11-37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
Douglas, V. (2025). The Impact of Overfishing on Shark Populations and Marine Ecosystem. Master dissertation (27p), California State University, USA.
Dye, A. S., & Shaw, S. L. (2007). A GIS-based spatial decision support system for tourists of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Retailing and Consumer services, 14(4), 269-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2006.07.005
Ebarvia, M. C. M. (2016). Economic assessment of oceans for sustainable BE development. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 2(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1051
Elisha, O. D., & Felix, M. J. (2021). Destruction of coastal ecosystems and the vicious cycle of poverty in Niger Delta Region. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology, 11(2), 7-24.
Ellahi, R. M., Wood, L. C., & Bekhit, A. E. D. A. (2023). Blockchain-based frameworks for food traceability: a systematic review. Foods, 12(16), 3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163026
Elston, J., Pinto, H., & Nogueira, C. (2024). Tides of change for a sustainable BE: a systematic literature review of innovation in maritime activities. Sustainability, 16(24), 11141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411141
Eswar, I., Majumder, A., Raja mohamed, S. H., Logesh, K., Shek alavudeen, S. M. I., Hariprakash, M., & Sundarraj, D. K. (2025). Seaweed responses to ocean acidification: global impacts on growth, biochemical composition, and CO2 mitigation potential. Discover Oceans, 2(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44289-025-00060- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44289-025-00060-x
European Commission. (2016). European guide for risk prevention in small fishing vessels. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, European Commission. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/404084
Failler, P., Ndende, M., Karani, P., Gilau, A., Hamukuaya, H., & Diop, S. T. (2020). Africa BE strategy: Blue governance framework. The African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources. http://www.au-ibar.org/en
FAO (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022: Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, Italy: FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2022). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022: Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. Rome, Italy: FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en
FAO. (2010). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2010 (SOFIA). Rome, Italy: FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 197. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i1820e
FAO. (2024). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024: Blue Transformation in Action. Rome, Italy: FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en
Fariborz Aref, F. A., Ma'rof Redzuan, M. R. R., Gill, S. S., & Aref, A. (2010). Community capacity building in tourism development in local communities. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3 (1), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v3n1p81 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v3n1p81
Fenner, D. (2012). Challenges for managing fisheries on diverse coral reefs. Diversity, 4(1), 105-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d4010105
Ferraro, K. M., Ferraro, A. L., Lundgren, E., & Sommer, N. R. (2025). The use and abuse of ecosystem service concepts and terms. Biological Conservation, 308, 111218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111218
Ferretti, F., Worm, B., Britten, G. L., Heithaus, M. R., & Lotze, H. K. (2010). Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecology letters, 13(8), 1055-1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x
Fontes, M., Sousa, C., & Conceição, O. (2019, October). Creating a BE: Research and innovation partnerships to accelerate the development of ocean-related industries. In Proceedings of the 2019 International SPBPU Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy (pp. 1-8). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3372177.3373329
Føre, M., Alver, M. O., Frank, K., & Alfredsen, J. A. (2023). Advanced technology in aquaculture–smart feeding in marine fish farms. In Smart Livestock Nutrition (pp. 227-268). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22584-0_9
Grip, K. (2017). International marine environmental governance: A review. Ambio, 46(4), 413-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0847-9
Ha, L.T. (2024). Achieving a BE through the circular initiatives: a path towards sustainable marine living resources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(9), 13656-13672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31951-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31951-9
Hafidh, H. A., Ayoub, Z., Soud, N. S., & Sharif, M. (2024). Innovative Financial Models for Sustainable Investment in Zanzibar’s BE: Challenges and Opportunities. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 24(12), 12-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i121589
Hallak, R., Corsi, A., Akbar, S., O’Connor, A., Onur, I., & Ludwichowska, G. (2020). Impacts of technology investment on tourism growth and employment. Canberra: The Regional Australia Institute.
Haque, M. M., & Mahmud, M. N. (2025). Potential Role of Aquaculture in Advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh. Aquaculture Research, 2025(1), 6035730. https://doi.org/10.1155/are/6035730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/are/6035730
Hassan, M. M., & Xuefeng, W. (2022). The challenges and prospects of inland waterway transportation system of Bangladesh. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 12(1), 132-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.12.1.17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.12.1.17
Herath, K. H. I. N. M., & Sanjeewa, K. K. A. (2024). A Basic introduction to blue bioeconomy. In The Role of Seaweeds in Blue Bioeconomy (pp. 1-12). Bentham Science Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815223644124010003
Hernández, M. M. G., Leon, C. J., Garcia, C., & Lam-Gonzalez, Y. E. (2023). Assessing the climate-related risk of marine biodiversity degradation for coastal and marine tourism. Ocean & Coastal Management, 232, 106436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106436
Hilborn, R., & Litzinger, E. (2009). Causes of decline and potential for recovery of Atlantic cod populations. The Open Fish Science Journal, 2(1), 32-38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874401X00902010032
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bruno, J. F. (2010). The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science, 328(5985), 1523-1528. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930
Hossen, M. A. (2024). Towards sustainability: a literature review of small-scale fishery management practices in Bangladesh. Degree thesis, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Bangladesh. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2024061223082
Huck, W. (2022). Goal 14 conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Sustainable Development Goals: Article-by-Article Commentary. Nomos, CH Beck, Hart Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748902065-520
Hungevu, R., Lawal, A., Yinusa, S., Titiloye, T. A., Lasisi, R., & Okunola, M. (2025). The impact of low-cost technological innovations on sustainable fisheries for economic development in developing countries. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25(2), 1170-1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.2.0463
Huo, C., Hameed, J., Sadiq, M. W., Albasher, G., & Alqahtani, W. (2021). RETRACTED: Tourism, environment and hotel management: an innovative perspective to address modern trends in contemporary tourism management. Business Process Management Journal, 27(7), 2161-2180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0543
Ibrahim, A., Marshall, K., Carmen, E., Blackstock, K. L., & Waylen, K. A. (2025). Raising standards for stakeholder engagement in Nature-based Solutions: Navigating the why, when, who and how. Environmental Science & Policy, 163, 103971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103971
Ingram, J. C., Redford, K. H., & Watson, J. E. (2012). Applying ecosystem services approaches for biodiversity conservation: benefits and challenges. SAPI EN. S. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society, (5.1). https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1459
Innocenti, A., & Attombri, C. (2024). The current policy scape affecting land-sea interactions in the European Union. Ocean & Coastal Management, 251, 107093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107093
Islam, M. K., Rahaman, M., & Ahmed, Z. (2018). BE of Bangladesh: Opportunities and challenges for sustainable development. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5 (8), 168-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4937 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.58.4937
Islam, M. N. (2022). Modeling of Marine Policy Regime Creation for Enhancing BE in Global to Regional Aspects. In Global BE (pp. 471-500). CRC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003184287-17
Islam, M. S., & Tanaka, M. (2004). Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis. Marine pollution bulletin, 48(7-8), 624-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.004
Islam, M. W., & Sarker, T. (2022). Financing sustainable coastal and maritime tourism in the BE of the Asia-Pacific. In De Gruyter handbook of sustainable development and finance (pp. 543-566). De Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733488-024
Islam, M., & Yasmin, R. (2017). Impact of aquaculture and contemporary environmental issues in Bangladesh. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(4), 100-107.
Jahromi, F. S., & Jahromi, F. S. (2023). Policy and legal frameworks for underground natural gas storage in Iran. Utilities Policy, 80, 101471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101471
Jammeh, I. Y. (2022). The effect of technological innovation on economic growth: Evidence from ECOWAS countries. International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.33094/ijssp.v11i1.610 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33094/ijssp.v11i1.610
Jan, S. A., Shinwari, Z. K., Habib, N., Ali, S., Afridi, M. S., & Khan, M. (2023). Impact of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives: Marine Biodiversity, Climate Change and Complexity. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences, 60(1), 29-47.
Jarratt, D., & Davies, N. J. (2020). Planning for climate change impacts: Coastal tourism destination resilience policies. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(4), 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1667861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1667861
Jensen, O. P., Gilroy, D. J., Hogan, Z., Allen, B. C., Hrabik, T. R., Weidel, B. C., & Vander Zanden, M. J. (2009). Evaluating recreational fisheries for an endangered species: a case study of taimen, Hucho taimen, in Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 66(10), 1707-1718. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/F09-109
Johnson, J. C., & Griffith, D. C. (2010). Finding common ground in the commons: Intracultural variation in users' conceptions of coastal fisheries issues. Society and Natural Resources, 23(9), 837-855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802409585
Kaltenborn, M., Abdulai, A. G., Roelen, K., & Hague, S. (2017). The Influence of Policy and Legal Frameworks on the Development of National Social Protection Systems, IDS Working Paper 501, Brighton: IDS. IDS Working Paper 501 CSP Working Paper 016 series. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/13353
Karani, P., Failler, P., Gilau, A. M., Ndende, M., & Diop, S. T. (2022). Africa BE strategies integrated in planning to achieve sustainable development at national and regional economic communities (RECs). Journal of Sustainability Research, 4(3), e220011. https://doi.org/10.20900/jsr20220011
Katare, P., Bopche, S., Tamkhade, P., Gurav, R., Nalavade, S., & Awad, M. M. (2024). Technological feasibility and challenges of hybrids: wave, hydro, offshore-wind and floating solar energy harnessing. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(3), 2024054-2024054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024054
Kaur, S., & Datta, S. N. (2021). Improvising Indian fishing technology: modernization, impacts and strategies for sustainable fisheries. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 24(2).
Kemp, P. S., Subbiah, G., Barnes, R., Boerder, K., O’Leary, B. C., Stewart, B. D., & Williams, C. (2023). The future of marine fisheries management and conservation in the United Kingdom: Lessons learnt from over 100 years of biased policy. Marine Policy, 147, 105075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105075
Kesavan, V., & Polisetty, A. (2025). A Holistic View of Ecotourism and the Different Ways of Applying Technology to Drive Ecotourism Towards Sustainable Development. In Navigating Mass Tourism to Island Destinations: Preservation and Cultural Heritage Challenges (pp. 1-36). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9107-5.ch001
Khanjani, M. H., Zahedi, S., & Mohammadi, A. (2022). Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) as an environmentally friendly system for sustainable aquaculture: functionality, species, and application of biofloc technology (BFT). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(45), 67513-67531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22371-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22371-8
Kim, K. Y. (2024). Harnessing seaweed farming for climate mitigation in South Korea: evaluating carbon dioxide removal potential and future research directions. Algae, 39(4), 329-347. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2024.39.10.28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2024.39.10.28
Kirchherr, J., Yang, N.H.N., Schulze-Spüntrup, F., Heerink, M.J. and Hartley, K. (2023). Conceptualizing the circular economy (revisited): an analysis of 221 definitions. Resources, conservation and recycling, 194, 107001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001
Kontovas, C., Bras, A. A., Chang, C. H., Romano, A., Poo, M. C. P., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. (2022). Fostering innovation in the BE within the United Kingdom (UK): A stakeholders’ perspective. Ocean and Coastal Management, 224, 106143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106143
Kruijssen, F., Tedesco, I., Ward, A., Pincus, L., Love, D., & Thorne-Lyman, A. L. (2020). Loss and waste in fish value chains: A review of the evidence from low and middle-income countries. Global Food Security, 26, 100434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100434
Kuboja, B. N. (2013). Policies and legal frameworks for Marine Protected Areas governance in Tanzania mainland: their potential and limitations for achieving conservation and livelihood goals. United Nations-Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme, Oceans and Law of Sea, 95. https://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/Kuboja_1314_Tanz.pdf
Kumar, C. R., Kannan, B., Keshavammaiah, P. H., & Parayitam, S. (2025). Public private partnership for the sustainable infrastructure development: a systematic literature review. Quality & Quantity, 59, 2733–2751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02102-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-025-02102-0
Kumar, M. S. (2014). Sustainable management of fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition: policies requirements and actions. Agricultural Research, 3(2), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-014-0111-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-014-0111-0
Kwilinski, A., Dacko-Pikiewicz, Z., Szczepanska-Woszczyna, K., Lyulyov, O., & Pimonenko, T. (2025). The role of innovation in the transition to a green economy: A path to sustainable growth. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(2), 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100530
Lafortune, G., & Ubaldi, B. (2018). OECD 2017 OURdata Index: Methodology and Results. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/2807d3c8-en
Landrigan, P. J., Stegeman, J. J., Fleming, L. E., Allemand, D., Anderson, D. M., Backer, L. C., & Rampal, P. (2020). Human health and ocean pollution. Annals of global health, 86(1), 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2831
Lane, J. M., & Pretes, M. (2020). Maritime dependency and economic prosperity: Why access to oceanic trade matters. Marine Policy, 121, 104180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104180
Latief, T., Bhat, F. A., Shah, T. H., Abubakr, A., Bhat, B. A., & Kumar, A. (2024). Innovative technologies in fisheries sector. Chronicle of Aquatic Science, 1(10), 102-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61851/coas.v1i10.10
Le Gouvello, R., & Simard, F. (2024). Towards a regenerative BE: Mapping the BE. International Union For Conservation Of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/51441
Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for eco-innovation and its impact on carbon emissions and firm performance. Journal of cleaner production, 108, 534-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.114
Lee, K. H., Noh, J., & Khim, J. S. (2020). The BE and the United Nations’ sustainable development goals: Challenges and opportunities. Environment international, 137, 105528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105528
Li, J., Zhang, W., Ding, J., Xue, S., Huo, E., Ma, Z., & Mao, Y. (2021). Effect of large-scale kelp and bivalve farming on seawater carbonate system variations in the semi-enclosed Sanggou Bay. Science of the Total Environment, 753, 142065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142065
Lise, F., Gianluca, F., & Pierre, F. (2025). Blue Nature-Based Solutions in marine and coastal EU policies: Challenges, recommendations and policy opportunities throughout the policy cycle. Marine Policy, 177, 106687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106687
Liu, A. (2006). Tourism in rural areas: Kedah, Malaysia. Tourism management, 27(5), 878-889. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.007
Liu, F., Xiao, X., Shang, L., & Huang, X. (2021). Study on spatial-temporal dynamic change of vegetation coverage and its influencing factors in blue economic zone of Shandong peninsula: taking qingdao as a case. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 632 (2), 022045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/632/2/022045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/632/2/022045
Lloret, J., Turiel, A., Solé, J., Berdalet, E., Sabatés, A., Olivares, A., & Sardá, R. (2022). Unravelling the ecological impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 824, 153803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153803
Luna, F. (2024). Harnessing BE potential for sustainable development: Navigating opportunities and challenges. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 13 (1), 21–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v13i1.768
Ma, B., & Wang, A. (2025). Exploring the role of renewable energy in green job creation and sustainable economic development: An empirical approach. Energy Strategy Reviews, 58, 101642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2025.101642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2025.101642
Mamirkulova, G., Mi, J., Abbas, J., Mahmood, S., Mubeen, R., & Ziapour, A. (2020). New Silk Road infrastructure opportunities in developing tourism environment for residents better quality of life. Global Ecology and Conservation, 24, e01194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01194
Mancini, M. S., Barioni, D., Danelutti, C., Barnias, A., Bračanov, V., Pisce, G. C., & Galli, A. (2022). Ecological Footprint and tourism: Development and sustainability monitoring of ecotourism packages in Mediterranean Protected Areas. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 38, 100513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100513
Mandal, A., & Ghosh, A. R. (2024). Role of artificial intelligence (AI) in fish growth and health status monitoring: A review on sustainable aquaculture. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2791-2820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01297-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01297-z
Manyilizu, M. C. (2023). A decade of the BE concept in the western Indian Ocean region: research and technology perspectives. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 22(2), 1-11. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-7782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v22i2.1
Marais, K. B., Rivas, J., Tetzloff, I. J., & Crossley, W. A. (2013). Modeling the impact of maintenance on naval fleet total ownership cost (pp 801-808). IEEE. IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon), Orlando, FL, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SysCon.2013.6549975
Marino, E., Gkantou, M., Malekjafarian, A., Bali, S., Baniotopoulos, C., van Beeck, J., & Verma, A. S. (2025). Offshore renewable energies: exploring floating modular energy islands—materials, construction technologies, and life cycle assessment. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, 11, 1157–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-025-00403-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-025-00403-y
Martens, C., Moulaert, I., Pirlet, H., Loosvelt, L., Overmeire, A., Verreet, G., & De Raedemaecker, F. (2022). BE and Innovation. In: Dauwe, S. et al. (Eds). Knowledge Guide Coast and Sea, Compendium for Coast and Sea, 237-252.
Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., Milán-García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2021). Challenges of the BE: evidence and research trends. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1
Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., Milán-García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2021). Challenges of the BE: evidence and research trends. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1
Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., Milán-García, J., Pires Manso, J. R., & De Pablo Valenciano, J. (2023). Impact of BE sectors using causality, correlation and panel data models. Frontiers in Marine science, 10, 1034054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1034054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1034054
Martins, C. I. M., Eding, E. H., Verdegem, M. C., Heinsbroek, L. T., Schneider, O., Blancheton, J. P., ... & Verreth, J. A. J. (2010). New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability. Aquacultural engineering, 43(3), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.09.002
Marwa, T., Muizzuddin, Bashir, A., Andaiyani, S., & Cahyadi, A. (2024). Determinants of the BE growth in the era of sustainability: A case study of Indonesia. Economies, 12(11), 299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies12110299
Maskaeva, A., Failler, P., Cowaloosur, H., Lallemand, P., & Mang’ena, J. (2024). Assessment of socioeconomic and ecosystem services of the BE in Tanzania using the UNECA's BE Valuation Toolkit. Marine Policy, 159, 105920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105920
Matovu, B., Bleischwitz, R., Lukambagire, I., Etta, L. A., Alkoyak-Yildiz, M., Tarek, R., & Suresh, A. S. (2025). Linking the BE to Women's empowerment to create avenues for the realization of ocean sustainability targets in the global south. Ocean and Coastal Management, 262, 107582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107582
McKuin, B., Zumkehr, A., Ta, J., Bales, R., Viers, J. H., Pathak, T., & Campbell, J. E. (2021). Energy and water co-benefits from covering canals with solar panels. Nature Sustainability, 4(7), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8
Melgarejo, D. J. B. Sustainability and Promotion of Inland Waterway Transportation Projects in Colombia: Case of the Magdalena River. International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering 8(12), 861-866.
Mendes, M., Hillinger, A., Ihle, K., Cascais, M., Andrade, P., Cotas, J., ... & Gonçalves, A. M. M. (2024). Seaweed Aquaculture Importance in Sustainable Economy in an Era of Climate Change. In Pereira, L., and Pardal, M.A., (Eds) Oceanography-Relationships of the Oceans with the Continents, Their Biodiversity and the Atmosphere. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114366
Mereu, S., Sušnik, J., Trabucco, A., Daccache, A., Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, L., Renoldi, S., & Assimacopoulos, D. (2016). Operational resilience of reservoirs to climate change, agricultural demand, and tourism: A case study from Sardinia. Science of the total environment, 543, 1028-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.066
Metilelu, O. O., Adeniyi, M. O., & Ekum, M. I. (2022). Modelling the dynamic effect of environmental pollution on coastal tourism. Scientific African, 17, e01364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01364
Midlen, A. (2024). Enacting the BE in the Western Indian Ocean: A ‘collaborative BE governmentality’. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 7(2), 627-653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486231198010
Mistri, P., & Mistry, A. K. (2023). BE: A sustainable development paradigm. In Sustainable roadmap development strategies in India: Paving the way for a better future, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.31674/book.2023srdsi006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31674/book.2023srdsi006
Mmanda, F. P. (2025). Importance of Minerals and Their Bioavailability in Boosting Aquaculture: A Systematic Review. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 5(3), e70067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.70067
Mmanda, F. P., Mulokozi, D. P., Lindberg, J. E., Norman Haldén, A., Mtolera, M., Kitula, R., & Lundh, T. (2020). Fish farming in Tanzania: the availability and nutritive value of local feed ingredients. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 32(4), 341-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2019.1708836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2019.1708836
Modeel, S., Dolkar, P., Siwach, S., Yadav, P., & Negi, R. K. (2024). Role of science and technology for sustainable aquaculture development and aquatic ecosystem management. In Role of Science and Technology for Sustainable Future: Sustainable Development: A Primary Goal. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 1, 277-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0710-2_17
Molla, M. B., Ikporukpo, C. O., & Olatubara, C. O. (2019). Evaluating policy and legal frameworks of urban green infrastructure development in Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 21(3), 1950016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333219500169
Möllmann, C., & Diekmann, R. (2012). Marine ecosystem regime shifts induced by climate and overfishing: a review for the Northern Hemisphere. Advances in ecological research, 47, 303-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398315-2.00004-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398315-2.00004-1
Moran, E. F., Lopez, M. C., Moore, N., Müller, N., & Hyndman, D. W. (2018). Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 115(47), 11891-11898. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809426115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809426115
Motlagh, Z. K., Tavakoli, M., & Sayadi, M. H. (2025). Microplastics and heavy metals in the coastal areas: marine health assessment and ecosystem services values. Environmental Development, 54, 101132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101132
Murawski, S. A. (2000). Definitions of overfishing from an ecosystem perspective. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3), 649-658. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0738
Mussa, W. M., Jing, Z., Machochoki, A. S., & Bakari, S. J. (2019). Towards growth of the BE in Zanzibar: Potentials and challenges. International Journal of Scientific Advances, 2 (3), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v2i3.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v2i3.13
Mwanyoka, I. R., Said, M. K., Higini, K. P., & Kaswamila, A. L. (2025). Artisanal fishers and seaweed farmers’ engagement in BE in Zanzibar. Marine Policy, 174, 106587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2025.106587
NDCs, F. F. (2024). Implementing sustainable aquaculture management systems. Food forward NDCs, . https://foodforwardndcs.test
Nguyen, Q. H. (2021). Impact of investment in tourism infrastructure development on attracting international visitors: A nonlinear panel ARDL approach using Vietnam’s data. Economies, 9(3), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131
Niner, H. J., Barut, N. C., Baum, T., Diz, D., del Pozo, D. L., Laing, S., & Rees, S. (2022). Issues of context, capacity and scale: Essential conditions and missing links for a sustainable BE. Environmental Science and Policy, 130, 25-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.01.001
Noll, D., Scott, A., Danelutti, C., Sampson, J., Galli, A., Mancini, S., & Lang, M. (2019). A guide to plan and promote ecotourism activities and measure their impacts in Mediterranean Protected Areas following the MEET approach. DestiMED project, Interreg Med Programme, 112.
Nurfallah, I., & Saputra, M. F. (2025). Mapping of Stakeholders in the Development of Coastal Areas Based on BE in Bima City. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 5(7), 8713-8730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v5i7.1750
Nwaoburu, L., & Mark, A. S. (2025). Public-Private Partnerships and Efficiency At The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies 13(1), 91-99.
Odoli, C. O., Owiti, H., Kobingi, N., Obiero, M., Ogari, Z., Mugo, J., & Aura, C. M. (2019). Post-harvest interventions in small-scale fisheries: a boon or bane to food and nutritional security in Kenya? Food Security, 11(4), 855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00950-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00950-x
OECD (2022). Sustainable Ocean Economy Country Diagnostics of Cabo Verde. Development Co-operation Directorate. OECD Publishing, Paris.
Okafor-Yarwood, I., Kadagi, N. I., Miranda, N. A., Uku, J., Elegbede, I. O., & Adewumi, I. J. (2020). The BE–cultural livelihood–ecosystem conservation triangle: The African experience. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00586
Oloruntobi, O., Mokhtar, K., Gohari, A., Asif, S., & Chuah, L. F. (2023). Sustainable transition towards greener and cleaner seaborne shipping industry: Challenges and opportunities. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 13, 100628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100628
Opperman, J. J., Carvallo, J. P., Kelman, R., Schmitt, R. J., Almeida, R., Chapin, E., & Harrison, D. (2023). Balancing renewable energy and river resources by moving from individual assessments of hydropower projects to energy system planning. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1036653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1036653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1036653
Øseth, E., & Korneev, O. (2020). Integrated Ocean Management in the Barents Sea. In: Young, O., Berkman, P., Vylegzhanin, A. (eds) Governing Arctic Seas: Regional Lessons from the Bering Strait and Barents Sea. Informed Decision-making for Sustainability (IDS). Springer, Cham, 207–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25674-6_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25674-6_10
Outa, G. O., Osano, P. M., Muchiri, M., Njiru, J., Kagwanja, P., Akech, N. O., & Allela, A. A. (2021). Science, Research and Innovation for Harnessing the BE. Nairobi: Government of Kenya & Stockholm Environment Institute-Africa Centre.
Pacheco, A.O. 2022. Achieving circular economy through new BE initiatives: a road map for ports. Master dissertation, World Maritime University, Marmo, Sweden. https://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations
Pauly, D., & Zeller, D. (2016). Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nature communications, 7(1), 10244. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10244
Pawar, P. R. (2016). Anthropogenic threats to coastal and marine biodiversity: a review. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 4, 35-45.
Pires Manso, J. R., Martínez Vázquez, R. M., Milán García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2023). Renewable energies and BE: new trends in global research. Energies, 16(10), 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104210
Pouponneau, A. (2023). BE: the perspectives of small island developing states. Small States and Territories, 6(1), 69-82. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/109183
Pouran, H. M., Lopes, M. P. C., Nogueira, T., Branco, D. A. C., & Sheng, Y. (2022). Environmental and technical impacts of floating photovoltaic plants as an emerging clean energy technology. IScience, 25(11), 105253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105253
Pratas, J., Garrido, S., & Pimentel, C. (2023). Sustainable Inland Waterway Transportation Systems: Framework Proposal. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(4), 40-40. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2023.v12n4p40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2023.v12n4p40
Prideaux, B., Timothy, D. J., & Cooper, M. (2009). Rever Tourism. Introducing river tourism: physical, ecological and human aspects (p 1-22). CABI International, Wallingford, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845934682.0001
Pringle, A. M., Handler, R. M., & Pearce, J. M. (2017). Aquavoltaics: Synergies for dual use of water area for solar photovoltaic electricity generation and aquaculture. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 572-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.191
Puharinen, S. T. (2023). Achieving good marine environmental status in the EU–Implications of the marine strategy framework directive for member states and blue economic activities. Marine policy, 155, 105712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105712
Queirós, A. M., Talbot, E., Msuya, F. E., Kuguru, B., Jiddawi, N., Mahongo, S., & Popova, E. (2024). A sustainable BE may not be possible in Tanzania without cutting emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 947, 174623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174623
Rafiq, M. I., Banerjee, A., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2025). Investments, innovation and growth: a Panel-ARDL analysis of Southeast Asia’s BE. Review of Accounting and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-12-2024-0576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAF-12-2024-0576
Rahimi-Midani, A. (2023). Deep technology for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture. Springer Singapore,Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4917-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4917-5
Rahman, M. A. (2010). Application of GIS in ecotourism development: A case study in Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Master degree thesis, Mid Sweden University, Sweden. 89p.
Rahman, M. M. (2021). Analyzing the institutional and regulatory framework for operationalizing the BE in Bangladesh: Lessons from Australia. Preprint]. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1163138/v2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1163138/v1
Rahman, S. S., & Baddam, P. R. (2021). Community engagement in Southeast Asia’s tourism industry: Empowering local economies. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 10(2), 75-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v10i2.715
Raju, S., & Rajan, R. By-catch and Discard Management towards Sustainable Fisheries. Revolutionizing Fisheries Management and Conservation (p 31-55), International Books and Periodicals Supply Services, New Delhi, India.
RGoZ (Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar). (2020). The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar: Zanzibar BE Policy of 2020. Ministry of Finance and Planning, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Rice, J. C., & Garcia, S. M. (2011). Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity: characteristics of the sector and perspectives on emerging issues. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(6), 1343-1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr041
Ridler, N., Wowchuk, M., Robinson, B., Barrington, K., Chopin, T., Robinson, S., & Boyne-Travis, S. (2007). Integrated multi− trophic aquaculture (IMTA): a potential strategic choice for farmers. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 11(1), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657300701202767 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13657300701202767
Rizwan, T., Nourra Mahya, D., Rizqi, R., Setiawan, I., El Rahimi, S. A., Thaib, R., & Arif, M. (2024). Economic Comparison of Wood and Fiberglass Fishing Vessels Produced in Traditional Yards. Transactions on Maritime Science, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v13.n01.w06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7225/toms.v13.n01.w06
Rodrigues, J. M. G. (2015). Cultural services in aquatic ecosystems. In Ecosystem Services and River Basin Ecohydrology (pp. 35-56). Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9846-4_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9846-4_3
Rodwell, L. D., Fletcher, S., Glegg, G. A., Campbell, M., Rees, S. E., Ashley, M., & Covey, R. (2014). Marine and coastal policy in the UK: Challenges and opportunities in a new era. Marine Policy, 45, 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.014
Rogers, S. I., Tasker, M. L., Earll, R., & Gubbay, S. (2007). Ecosystem objectives to support the UK vision for the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(2), 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.015
Roux, J. P., van der Lingen, C. D., Gibbons, M. J., Moroff, N. E., Shannon, L. J., Smith, A. D., & Cury, P. M. (2013). Jellyfication of marine ecosystems as a likely consequence of overfishing small pelagic fishes: lessons from the Benguela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 89(1), 249-284. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1145
Rowan, N. J. (2023). The role of digital technologies in supporting and improving fishery and aquaculture across the supply chain–Quo Vadis? Aquaculture and Fisheries, 8(4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.06.003
Samad, G., & Abbasi, J. (2022). Advancement of science and technology: future prospect of BE. In The BE: An Asian Perspective (pp. 15-35). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96519-8_2
Sangoremi, A., Abosede, O. and Adeleke, A. (2025). A Review on Circular Economy: Precursor to Achieving Global Environmental Sustainability. Asian Journal of Current Research, 10, 309-324. https://doi.org/10.56557/ajocr/2025/v10i39684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56557/ajocr/2025/v10i39684
Sankhla, M. S., Kumar, R., & Shefali. (2020). New and Advanced Technologies in Aquaculture to Support Environmentally Sustainable Development. In: Singh, J., Vyas, A., Wang, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Microbial Biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore, 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_11
Sarangi, B. (2023). Cashless Economy and Electronic Money: Concepts, Nexus, Opportunities, and Challenges”, Indonesian Annual Conference Series, (Proceedings of IACS-HOICEB), 79-90. Available at: https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/iacseries/article/view/1090 (Accessed: 11 February 2026).
Sarkar, S. K. (2018). Algal Blooms: Potential Drivers, Occurrences and Impact. In: Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts. Springer, Singapore, 53-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8261-0_2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8261-0_2
Sarker, S., Bhuyan, M. A. H., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Basak, S. C., & Islam, M. M. (2018). From science to action: Exploring the potentials of BE for enhancing economic sustainability in Bangladesh. Ocean and Coastal Management, 157, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.001
Sarpong, D., Boakye, D., Ofosu, G., & Botchie, D. (2022). The three pointers of research and development (R&D) for growth-boosting sustainable innovation system. Technovation, 122, 102581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102581
Semboja, H. H. H., & Hafidh, H. A. BE Policy Model for the Small Island Developing States: The Case of Zanzibar. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 22(5), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEBA/2022/v22i530565.
Semwal, R., Tyagi, P., & Singh, A. (2024). Cultural Crossroads: Communities Guiding. Examining tourist behaviors and community involvement in destination rejuvenation, Uttarakhand Open University, India, 164-179. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0.ch013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6819-0.ch013
Setiawan, D. E., Hascaryo, B., Purwangka, F., Rumanti, V., Purbayanto, A., & Wibowo, B. (2024). Design of Solar Powered Cooling Engine For Fishing Vessel ≤ 5 GT. International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, 9(2), 225-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12962/j25481479.v9i2.20314
Sharma, A., & Sodani, P. (2024). Ethics in tourism: Responsibility toward balancing sustainability. In International Handbook of Skill, Education, Learning, and Research Development in Tourism and Hospitality. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4318-6_41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4318-6_41
Sharma, K., Shah, G., Singhal, K., & Soni, V. (2024). Comprehensive insights into the impact of oil pollution on the environment. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 74, 103516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103516
Sikotariya, H., Dave, T. H., Bhadarka, M., Makwana, K., & Bamaniya, M. (2024). Impact of coastal tourism on coastal environment. Chronicle of Aquatic Science, 1(12), 22-26.
Silver, J.J., Gray, N.J., Campbell, L.M., Fairbanks, L.W. and Gruby, R.L., 2015. BE and competing discourses in international oceans governance. The Journal of Environment and Development, 24(2), 135-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515580797
Slater, A. M., & Claydon, J. (2020). Marine spatial planning in the UK: a review of the progress and effectiveness of the plans and their policies. Environmental Law Review, 22(2), 85-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920927340 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461452920927340
Smith-Godfrey, S. (2016). Defining the BE. Maritime affairs: Journal of the national maritime foundation of India, 12(1), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2016.1175131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2016.1175131
Smyth, K., Christie, N., Burdon, D., Atkins, J. P., Barnes, R., & Elliott, M. (2015). Renewables-to-reefs? Decommissioning options for the offshore wind power industry. Marine pollution bulletin, 90(1-2), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.045
Soma, K., van Tatenhove, J., & van Leeuwen, J. (2015). Marine Governance in a European context: Regionalization, integration and cooperation for ecosystem-based management. Ocean and Coastal Management, 117, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.010
Spalding, M. J. (2016). The new BE: the future of sustainability. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 2(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1052
Speers, A. E., Besedin, E. Y., Palardy, J. E., & Moore, C. (2016). Impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on coral reef fisheries: an integrated ecological economic model. Ecological economics, 128, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.012
Srinivas, H. 2022. The BE: Converging on the Waves (GDRC Reseaarch Output - Policy Analysis Series E-183). Global Development Research Center, Kobe, Japan. Retrieved on Wednesday 11 February 2026, from https://www.gdrc.org/oceans/blue%20economy/blue-economy.html.
StartUs Insights. (2024). Top 10 BE Trends. StartUs Insights industry report. Based on data and innovation mapping through 2023. https://www.startus-insights.com/innovators-guide/blue-economy-trends/
Subasinghe, R., & Norman, R. (2024). The role of intensification in global aquaculture production. Aquatic Food Security, 5-13. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/9781800629004.0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52517/9781789183368.002
Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., & Jia, J. (2009). Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in aquaculture, 1(1), 2-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x
Sumaila, U. R., & Tai, T. C. (2020). End overfishing and increase the resilience of the ocean to climate change. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00523
Sumaila, U. R., & Villasante, S. (2025). Surging BE, increasing conflict risks and mitigation strategies. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1499386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1499386
Sumaila, U. R., Bellmann, C., & Tipping, A. (2016). Fishing for the future: An overview of challenges and opportunities. Marine Policy, 69, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.003
Sumaila, U. R., Walsh, M., Hoareau, K., Cox, A., Teh, L., Abdallah, P., & Zhang, J. (2021). Financing a sustainable ocean economy. Nature communications, 12(1), 3259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23168-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23168-y
Sumartono, E., Amien, M., Bahdad, B., Wardani, E. Y., Wahyurini, E. T., & Mastu, L. O. K. (2025). Utilization of Sustainable Aquaculture Technologies to Increase Fisheries Production in Coastal Areas: Review and Recommendations. Journal of the American Institute, 2(3), 340-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59613/global.v2i11.373
Sungkawati, E. (2024). Opportunities and challenges: adopting “blue-green economy” terms to achieve SDGs. Revenue Journal: Management and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.61650/rjme.v2i1.333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.61650/rjme.v2i1.333
Suwardi, D., & Saad, S. (2024). Challenges in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects in Malaysia. e-BANGI Journal, 21(4). https://doi.org/ 10.17576/ebangi.2024.2104.23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2024.2104.23
Talukder, B., Ganguli, N., Matthew, R., Hipel, K. W., & Orbinski, J. (2022). Climate change-accelerated ocean biodiversity loss & associated planetary health impacts. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 6, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100114
Tang, S. (2019, May). Capacity building of community-based ecotourism in developing nations: A case of Mei Zhou, China. In 1st International Conference on Business, Economics, Management Science (BEMS 2019) (pp. 582-605). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/bems-19.2019.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/bems-19.2019.105
Tarmizi, M. K. T. (2010). Institutional framework for ocean governance: a way forward. Master degree dissertation, World Maritime University, Marmo, Sweden, 106.
Teixeira, N. (2024). Circular Economy and Sustainability: A Critical Review. IRASS Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(2), 1-9. https://irasspublisher.com/journal-details/IRASSJMS.
Thushari, G. G. N., & Senevirathna, J. D. M. (2020). Plastic pollution in the marine environment. Heliyon, 6(8), e04709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04709
Tirumala, R. D., & Tiwari, P. (2022). Innovative financing mechanism for BE projects. Marine Policy, 139, 104194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104194
Tolentino-Zondervan, F., & Zondervan, N. A. (2022). Sustainable fishery management trends in Philippine fisheries. Ocean and Coastal Management, 223, 106149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106149
Toonen, H. M., & Bush, S. R. (2020). The digital frontiers of fisheries governance: fish attraction devices, drones and satellites. Journal of environmental policy and planning, 22(1), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1461084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1461084
Troell, M., Joyce, A., Chopin, T., Neori, A., Buschmann, A. H., & Fang, J. G. (2009). Ecological engineering in aquaculture: Potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems. Aquaculture, 297(1-4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.010
Twumasi, M. A., Jiang, Y., Fosu, P., Addai, B., & Essel, C. H. K. (2022). The impact of credit constraint on artisanal fishers’ technical efficiency: Stochastic frontier and instrumental variable approach. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 50, 102149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.102149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.102149
UNECA. (2016). Africa’s BE: A policy handbook. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Unegbu, H. C. O., Yawas, D. S., Dan-asabe, B., Alabi, A. A., & Vedad, R. C. (2025). Assessing the environmental and economic benefits of integrating solar energy in Nigerian construction. Discover Civil Engineering, 2(1), 114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00274-0
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2017). BE concept brief: The sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems. UNEP. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/blue-economy-concept-brief
Upadhayay, S., Alqassimi, O., Khashadourian, E., Sherm, A. and Prajapati, D. (2024). Development in the circular economy concept: systematic review in context of an umbrella framework. Sustainability, 16(4), 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041500
Upadhyay, D. K., & Mishra, M. (2020). BE: Emerging global trends and India’s multilateral cooperation. Maritime affairs: journal of the national maritime foundation of india, 16(1), 30-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2020.1785087
URT (United Republic of Tanzania). (2024). United republic of Tanzania: National BE policy of 2024. The office of the Vice President, Dodoma, Tanzania.
Urugo, M. M., Yohannis, E., Teka, T. A., Gemede, H. F., Tola, Y. B., Forsido, S. F., & Abdu, J. (2024). Addressing post-harvest losses through agro-processing for sustainable development in Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, 101316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101316
Vaca Cabrero, J., Gómez Garach, C. P., Camarero Orive, A., & González-Cancelas, N. (2024). Evaluation of the Implementation of the Dimensions of the BE in Spanish Ports. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(2), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020222
Valenti, W. C., Kimpara, J. M., Preto, B. D. L., & Moraes-Valenti, P. (2018). Indicators of sustainability to assess aquaculture systems. Ecological indicators, 88, 402-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.068
Veríssimo, N. V., Mussagy, C. U., Oshiro, A. A., Mendonça, C. M. N., de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma, V., Pessoa, A.,…. & Pereira, J. F. B. (2021). From green to BE: Marine biorefineries for a sustainable ocean-based economy. Green Chemistry, 23(23), 9377-9400. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03191K DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1GC03191K
Vince, J. (2018). The twenty-year anniversary of Australia’s Oceans Policy: achievements, challenges and lessons for the future. Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, 10(3), 182-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2018.1490882
Virto, L. R. (2018). A preliminary assessment of the indicators for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”. Marine Policy, 98, 47-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.036
Vumbunu, T., Viviers, P. A., & Du Plessis, E. (2021). A demand-based analysis of ecotourism product diversification in Botswana. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 51(1), 19-40. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-wild2-v51-n1-a9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3957/056.051.0019
Walsh, P. (2020). Cultivating Cooperatives: Benefits and Challenges of Co-ops and Recommendations for Maine’s Emerging Aquaculture Industries. Graduate Program in Ocean Foods Systems, University of New England, Maine, USA. https://dune.une.edu/theses/321
Wanchana, W., & Sayan, S. (2018). Application of GIS and remote sensing for advancing sustainable fisheries management in Southeast Asia. Fish for the People, 16(1), 21-28.
Ward, H. (2008). Legal and policy frameworks. Young people’s transitions from care to adulthood. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, UK, 258-278.
Weigel, J. Y., Mannle, K. O., Bennett, N. J., Carter, E., Westlund, L., Burgener, V., & Hellman, A. (2014). Marine protected areas and fisheries: bridging the divide. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(S2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2514
Wenhai, L., Cusack, C., Baker, M., Tao, W., Mingbao, C., Paige, K., & Yufeng, Y. (2019). Successful BE examples with an emphasis on international perspectives. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00261
Wenhai, L., Cusack, C., Baker, M., Tao, W., Mingbao, C., Paige, K., ... & Yufeng, Y. (2019). Successful BE examples with an emphasis on international perspectives. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00261
Wetz, M. S., & Yoskowitz, D. W. (2013). An ‘extreme’future for estuaries? Effects of extreme climatic events on estuarine water quality and ecology. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 69(1-2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020
White, C. M., Mangubhai, S., Rumetna, L., & Brooks, C. M. (2022). The bridging role of non-governmental organizations in the planning, adoption, and management of the marine protected area network in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. Marine Policy, 141, 105095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105095
Wibawa, P. A., Birmingham, R. W., & Woodward, M. D. (2015). Design of sustainable fishing vessels, future challenges for the Indonesian fisheries. In 12th International Marine Design Conference, 3, 357-367.
Williams, M. J., & Corral, V. P. (1999). Fisheries monitoring: Management models, compliance and technical solutions. In The International Conference on Integrated Fisheries Monitoring, Sydney, Australia, Februay, FAO.
Wilson, A. M. W., & Forsyth, C. (2018). Restoring near-shore marine ecosystems to enhance climate security for island ocean states: aligning international processes and local practices. Marine Policy, 93, 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.018
Wilson, D. C., Ahmed, M., Siar, S. V., & Kanagaratnam, U. (2006). Cross-scale linkages and adaptive management: fisheries co-management in Asia. Marine Policy, 30(5), 523-533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.07.001
Winther, J. G., Dai, M., Douvere, F., Fernandes, L., Halpin, P., Hoel, A. H., ... & Whitehouse, S. (2023). Integrated ocean management: In The blue compendium: from knowledge to action for a sustainable ocean economy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 523-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16277-0_14
Wolf, I. D., Croft, D. B., & Green, R. J. (2019). Nature conservation and nature-based tourism: A paradox?. Environments, 6(9), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6090104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6090104
World Bank and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (World bank & UNDESA). 2017. The Potential of the BE: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries. World Bank, Washington DC, USA. file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/13708_Blue_Economy-Jun1.pdf
World Bank. (2025). BE for Resilient Africa Program: An Overview. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42988
Xue, Y., Yan, J., Li, D., & Zheng, H. (2023). Integrated ocean management (IOM) for marine sustainable development goal (SDG) 14: A case study of China’s Bohai Sea. Sustainability, 15(7), 5979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075979
Yavorska, V. V., Hevko, I. V., Sych, V. A., Potapchuk, O. I., & Kolomiyets, K. V. (2019). Features of application of information technologies in modern tourism. Journal of geology, geography and geoecology, 28(3), 591-599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/111956
Youssef, M. (2023). BE literature review. International journal of business and management, 18(3), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v18n3p12
Yuan, H., & Failler, P. (2025). Defining the BE–in a language functional approach. Maritime Studies, 24(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-025-00403-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-025-00403-6
Yue, K., & Shen, Y. (2022). An overview of disruptive technologies for aquaculture. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.04.009
Zeppel, H. (2008). Education and conservation benefits of marine wildlife tours: Developing free-choice learning experiences. The journal of environmental education, 39(3), 3-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.39.3.3-18
Zhang, R., Chen, T., Wang, Y., & Short, M. (2023). Systems approaches for sustainable fisheries: A comprehensive review and future perspectives. Sustainable production and consumption, 41, 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.08.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.08.013
Zhang, S. Y., Li, G., Wu, H. B., Liu, X. G., Yao, Y. H., Tao, L., & Liu, H. (2011). An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production. Aquacultural Engineering, 45(3), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.001
Zhang, S., Xu, G., Shu, Y., & Zhu, J. (2024). Comparing developed and emerging nations' Economic development with environmental footprint for low-carbon competitiveness. Heliyon, 10(14), e34039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34039
Zhang, Y., & Deng, B. (2024). Exploring the nexus of smart technologies and sustainable ecotourism: A systematic review. Heliyon, 10(11), e31996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31996
Zulfiqar, K., & Butt, M. J. (2021). Preserving community’s environmental interests in a meta-ocean governance framework towards sustainable development goal 14: A mechanism of promoting coordination between institutions responsible for curbing marine pollution. Sustainability, 13(17), 9983. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179983 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179983
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no data sets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Francis P. Mmanda (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
