Circular Economy Transition on the Debate: Big Dreams but Harsh Realities
Abstract
This paper aims to reveal some discrepancies in scientific discourse related to the circular economy subtopics and to recognize some of the current and relevant shortcomings in an antagonism approach that requires more attention from scientists, policymakers, and civil organizations to reach a cohesion level between downstream and upstream measures of circular economy initiatives. These subtopics refer to the lack of basic waste management services and sanitation around the world; circular ambitions on “papers” and massive pollution in open environments; recycling and resource recovery between formal; informal, and criminal organizations; progress towards a circular economy transition and deficient waste-related statistics; Plastics Treaty between high and less ambitious countries; circular business models and greenwashing risks; smart cities and neglected rural communities. These subtopics are interlinked for circular economy discourse from local to global levels while this literature review paper reveals some pathways to overcome such societal discrepancies that act as an impediment towards a functional global circular economy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55845/MJAM2116
References
Alfonso-Torreño, A., Gutiérrez Gallego, J. A., Ortiz García, J., & Arenas García, L.(2023). Measurement error of police data to identify solid waste dumping sites. GeoFocus. International Review of Geographical Information Science and Technology, (31), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.21138/GF.798
Biswas, A. and Singh, S.G. (2024). Global Plastic Treaty Negotiations: Country Positions. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. Available: Global Plastic Treaty Negotiations Country Positions
BridgetoBusan. (2024). Declaration on Primary Plastic Polymers Available at: https://www.bridgetobusan.com/home/#read-the-declaration
Britten F. (2024). Where does the UK’s fast fashion end up? I found out on a beach clean in Ghana The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2024/sep/24/where-does-the-uks-fast-fashion-end-up-i-found-out-on-a-beach-clean-in-ghana
Brťková, H., Růžičková, J., Slamová, K., Raclavská, H., Kucbel, M., Šafář, M., … & Flodrová, Š. (2024). Plastic particles in urban compost and their grain size distribution. Environmental Pollution, 351, 124025.
Bourdin, S. and Jacquet, N. (n.d.) Closing the Loop at the Local Scale: Investigating the Drivers and Barriers to the Implementation of the Circular Economy in Cities and Regions. European Chair of Excellence on Circular Economy and Territories.
Business Coalition for a Global Plastics Treaty (2022) ENG – Vision Statement – Business Coalition for a Global Plastics Treaty.pdf Available at: https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/v15znlazmoyt-l80gpz/@/#id=5
Castro, C. G., Trevisan, A. H., Pigosso, D. C. A., & Mascarenhas, J. (2022). The rebound effect of circular economy: definitions, mechanisms and a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 345, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131136
Changing Markets Foundation. (2024). Fashion’s Plastic Paralysis. How Brands Resist Change and Fuel Microplastic Pollution. Available online: Fashion’s Plastic Paralysis: How Brands Resist Change and Fuel Microplastic Pollution • Changing Markets
Chair’s Text. (2024). Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/46710/Chairs_Text.pdf (1 December 2024).
CIEL (2024). Emissions Unleashed The Climate Crisis and America’s Petrochemical Boom. Center for International Environmental Law Available at: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emissioned-Unleashed_The-Climate-Crisis-and-Americas-Petrochemical-Boom.pdf
Circle Economy (2025). Closing the Circularity Gap in Norway Update 2025 Available at: https://renas.no/aktuelt/sirkulaerokonomi/circularity-gap-report-norway-2025/
Circle Economy (2024). The Circularity Gap Report 2024. Available at: https://www.circularity-gap.world/2024
Circle Economy (2024). Circularity & informality: Redefining narratives Available at: https://www.circle-economy.com/resources/circularity-informality-redefining-narratives
City of Amsterdam Policy (n.d) Circular Economy Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/sustainability/circular-economy/
Circular Cities Declaration (2024). Circular Cities Declaration Report 2024. Insights on implementation, measurement, and nature
Circle Economy. (2022). A guide for developing a circular city strategy Available at: https://www.circle-economy.com/resources/a-guide-for-developing-a-circular-city-strategy
Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative (CGRI) (n.d). An interactive dashboard monitoring circular jobs in Gamagori, Japan Available at: https://www.circularity-gap.world/updates-collection/launched-an-interactive-dashboard-monitoring-circular-jobs-in-gamagori-japan
Cowger, W. Willis, K. A. Bullock, S. Conlon, K. Emmanuel, J. Erdle, L. M. … & Wang, M. (2024). Global producer responsibility for plastic pollution. Science Advances, 10(17), eadj8275.
Corvellec, H., Stowell, A. F., & Johansson, N. (2022). Critiques of the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 26(2), 421-432.
Cherrington, R., Manolchev, C., Edwards, K., Housni, I., & Alexander, A. (2024). Enabling circular economy practices in regional contexts: Insights from the UK Southwest. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 25(2), 104-115.
Cottom, J. W., Cook, E., & Velis, C. A. (2024). A local-to-global emissions inventory of macroplastic pollution. Nature, 633(8028), 101-108.
D’Adamo, I. Favari, D., Gastaldi, M. Kirchherr, J. (2024). Towards circular economy indicators: Evidence from the European Union. Waste Management & Research.; 42(8):670-680. doi:10.1177/0734242X241237171
Du, L., Xu, H., & Zuo, J. (2021). Status quo of illegal dumping research: Way forward. Journal of Environmental Management, 290, 112601.
Darut A. (2024). Circular economy commissioner is a crucial step to a holistic EU vision for sustainable materials. Available at : https://www.euractiv.com/section/circular-economy/opinion/circular-economy-commissioner-ia-a-crucial-step-to-a-holistic-eu-vision-for-sustainable-materials/
Eickhoff, H. (2024). The appeal of the circular economy revisited: on track for transformative change or enabler of moral licensing? Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 301 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02815-x
Elia, V., Gnoni, M. G., & Tornese, F. (2024). Integrating circular economy and sustainability assessment on the micro-level: An umbrella review. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 50, 405–415) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.08.012
Everyday Plastic and the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) 2024. The hard truth about soft plastic. How supermarket soft plastic take-back schemes are misleading customers. Available at: The Hard Truth About Soft Plastic – EIA
Europa Libera. (2024). How the whole community from Sintești “burning waste illegally” came to be criminally prosecuted Available at: https://romania.europalibera.org/a/plangere-penala-sintesti-garda-de mediu/33166918.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawGNhoVleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHQfl7jxHI_9GRoobwUGoFJLB1Cg_BMQ4oP8Vvu1e5F8f4SjUdXS0779rvQ_aem_jtp1S0RE0V3wkYhvw_2IBA
European Commission. (2024). July infringement package: key decisions. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/inf_24_3228?mc_cid=24f544886b&mc_eid=6e7ed12234
European Court of Auditors. (2024). Special report 16/2024: EU revenue based on non‑recycled plastic packaging waste – A challenging start hindered by data that is not sufficiently comparable or reliable Available at: https://www.eca.europa.eu/ECAPublications/SR-2024-16/SR-2024-16_EN.pdf
Europol. (2022). Environmental crime threat assessment 2022 in the age of climate change. Available at https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Environmental%20Crime%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Climate%20Change%20-%20Public%20report_5.pdf
Farrelly T, Brander S, Thompson R, Carney Almroth B. (2025). Independent science key to breaking stalemates in global plastics treaty negotiations. Cambridge Prisms: Plastics. 3:e6. doi:10.1017/plc.2025.2
Federal Ministry for Housing, Urban Development and Building (BMWSB). 2023. Circular economy for rural development. Potential in Germany and Europe (English summary)The potential a circular economy offers for rural development in Germany and Europe | Territorial Agenda 2030 | A future for all places
Grafström, J., & Aasma, S. (2021). Breaking circular economy barriers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, 126002.
Gao, S., Dong, Y., Jia, Q., Wu, S., Bai, J., Cui, C., … & Liu, H. (2024). Hazards of toxic metal (loid) s: Exploring the ecological and health risk in soil–crops systems with long-term sewage sludge application. Science of The Total Environment, 948, 174988.
Gallego-Schmid, A., López-Eccher, C., Muñoz, E., Salvador, R., Cano-Londoño, N. A., Barros, M. V., Bernal, D. C., Mendoza, J. M. F., Nadal, A., & Guerrero, A. B. (2024). Circular economy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Drivers, opportunities, barriers and strategies. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 51, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.09.006
Goldberg, R.F. Vandenberg L.N. (2021). The science of spin: targeted strategies to manufacture doubt with detrimental effects on environmental and public health. Environ Health 20, 33 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00723-0
Greenpeace Africa. (2024). Fast fashion slow poison. The toxic textile waste in Ghana. Available at: https://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/press/56381/fast-fashion-slow-poison-new-report-exposes-toxic-impact-of-global-textile-waste-in-ghana/
Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M. P. P., Pigosso, D. C. A., & Soufani, K. (2020). Circular business models: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123741
Gómez-Sanabria, A., & Lindl, F. (2024). The crucial role of circular waste management systems in cutting waste leakage into aquatic environments. Nature Communications, 15(1), 5443.
Gonzalez, E., Quaresma, M., & Freire, K. (2024). Hunger challenges in the land of plenty: How design can change the paradox of food waste. In Experiencing and Envisioning Food (pp. 143-147). CRC Press.
GAIA. (2025). Gaia comments on the chair’s text-April 2025. Available at https://www.no-burn.org/resources/gaia-comments-on-the-chairs-text-april-2025/
Guya J., Atkins Z., (2025). End open burning: An awareness-raising framework and guide for local government authorities. ICLEI Africa. Available at: End open burning: An awareness-raising framework and guide for local government authorities – ICLEI Africa
Health Care Without Harm (2024). Open letter from health professionals on the plastics treaty. Available at: https://global.noharm.org/focus/plastics/open-letter
Hiltner, S., Eaton, E., Healy, N., Scerri, A., Stephens, J. C., & Supran, G. (2024). Fossil fuel industry influence in higher education: A review and a research agenda. WIREs Climate Change. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.904
High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution (HAC) 2024. HAC Member States Ministerial Joint Statement for INC-5 Available online. Available at: https://hactoendplasticpollution.org/hac-member-states-ministerial-joint-statement-for-inc-5/
IPEN (2025). The plastics treaty in 2025: IPEN views on the chair’s text. Available at: plastics_treaty-brief-2025_0.pdf
InOff Plastics (2024). The European Reuse Barometer: 2024 Assessment of the current reusable packaging landscape in Europe Available at: European Reuse Barometer – New Reuse Alliance
ISO 2024. ISO 59014 – Environmental management and circular economy — Sustainability and traceability of the recovery of secondary materials — Principles, requirements and guidance Available at: ISO 59014:2024 – Environmental management and circular economy — Sustainability and traceability of the recovery of secondary materials — Principles, requirements and guidance
Jiao, J., He, P., & Zha, J. (2024). Factors influencing illegal dumping of hazardous waste in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 354, 120366.
Just Go Zero Tilos (n.d.). Welcome to Tilos, the 1st Zero Waste Island. Available at Tilos – Just Go Zero by Polygreen
Kannan, D., Khademolqorani, S., Janatyan, N., & Alavi, S. (2023). Smart waste management 4.0: The transition from a systematic review to an integrated framework. Waste Management, 174, 1-14
Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, conservation and recycling, 127, 221-232
Kruse, C., Boyda, E., Chen, S., Karra, K., Bou-Nahra, T., Hammer, D., Mathis, J., Maddalene, T., Jambeck, J., & Laurier, F. (2023). Satellite monitoring of terrestrial plastic waste. PLOS ONE, 18, 1, e0278997. Public Library of Science (PLoS). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278997
Lerpiniere, D. J. Wilson, D. C., & Velis, C. A. (2025). Official development finance in solid waste management reveals insufficient resources for tackling plastic pollution: A global analysis of two decades of data. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 212, p.107918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107918
Monitorul de Cluj. (2024). Available at : https://www.monitorulcj.ro/nationale/124184-cantitate-dubla-de-desuri-oprita-la-intrarea-in-romania-in-primele-noua-luni-din-an-7400-de-tone-de-gunoaie-ilegale-in-crestere-cu-peste-63?fbclid=IwY2xjawGNdT1leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHSNBZsu9CyIscCLVwy7XN639UMqWMRg_j_z-i2lomYddsEBvFmhe1VJjw_aem_bu0Xw5jIyy8bUOwTUySThA
Magdalena, A.S., Fernández, B.C. & Callén, Y.F. (2025). Financial performance of new circular economy companies in rural settings. Small Bus Econ, 64, 1953–1980, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-024-00971-7
Malcolm, Z., Macaulay, B., & Todd, M. (2024). Towards a circular economy and just transition to net-zero in rural Scotland: Resident perspectives on policy and practice. Journal of Rural Studies, 108, 103300
Muzioreva, H., Gumbo, T., Kavishe, N., Moyo, T., & Musonda, I. (2022). Decentralized wastewater system practices in developing countries: A systematic review. Utilities Policy,79,101442). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101442
Mission Zero Academy. Our Zero Waste Business Certification Unlock your zero waste potential. Transform, certify, thrive. Available at: https://www.missionzeroacademy.eu/our-zero-waste-business-certification/
Mihai F.C, Ulman, S. Pop, V. (2024) Macro and microplastic pollution in Romania: addressing knowledge gaps and potential solutions under the circular economy framework. PeerJ 12:e17546 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17546
Mihai, F.C, Ishchenko V, Iordachi, V. Ivanova, V. & Dzebisashvili, N. (2024) Circular economy and waste management in Eastern Europe. In: Ilić P, Pržulj N (eds) Circular economy. Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Monograph LV: pp 57-95 DOI: 10.7251/PRB2401057M.
Mihai, F. C., & Ulman, S. R. (2024). Plastic Waste Trade Issues and Environmental Contamination in Romania. In Plastic Waste Trade: A New Colonialist Means of Pollution Transfer (pp. 191-216). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-51358-9_10
Mihai, F. C., & Ulman, S. R. (2023). Circular economy in Green Deal strategies. In Sustainable and circular management of resources and waste towards a Green Deal (pp. 49-63). Elsevier. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95278-1.00029-2
Mihai, F.-C., Minea, I., & Ulman, S.-R. (2023). Water resources preservation through circular economy. The case of Romania. In Water management and circular economy. 143–176, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95280-4.00002-3
Mihai, F. C. (2017). One global map but different worlds: Worldwide survey of human access to basic utilities. Human Ecology, 45, 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9904-7
Nohales, G, & Stinavage, M. 2024. Bio-waste separate collection takes off. Available at: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/2024/02/bio-waste-separate-collection-takes-off/
NewReuseAlliance Manifesto (n.d).Available at : https://www.newreusealliance.eu/manifesto
New York Times. (2024). Is a “Green” revolution poisoning the India’s capital https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/09/world/asia/india-air-quality-trash.html
NPR. (2024). California sues ExxonMobil for misleading public on plastic recycling Available at: https://www.npr.org/2024/09/23/nx-s1-5123619/california-sues-exxonmobil-for-misleading-public-on-plastic-recycling
O’Connor, S., Ehimen, E., Pillai, S. C., Black, A., Tormey, D., & Bartlett, J. (2021). Biogas production from small-scale anaerobic digestion plants on European farms. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,139,110580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110580
Olawade, D. B., Fapohunda, O., Wada, O. Z., Usman, S. O., Ige, A. O., Ajisafe, O., & Oladapo, B. I. (2024). Smart waste management: A paradigm shift enabled by artificial intelligence. Waste Management Bulletin 2 (2):224-263
Pain A.(n.d) Decentralised Supply. Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox Available at: https://sswm.info/water-nutrient-cycle/water-distribution/hardwares/water-network-distribution/decentralised-supply
Palm, J., Lazoroska, D., Valencia, M., Bocken, N., & Södergren, K. (2024). A gender perspective on the circular economy: A literature review and research agenda. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13554
Project Coronado n.d. Cross Border Water Pollution in South Bay Available at: https://www.projectcoronado.org/
Ramos, M., & Martinho, G. (2023). An assessment of the illegal dumping of construction and demolition waste. Cleaner Waste Systems, 4, 100073.
Rogers K., WaMaina E.,, Barber A., Masood S., Love C., Y.H. Kim, Gilmour M I, Jaspers I, 2024.Emissions from plastic incineration induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired bioenergetics in primary human respiratory epithelial cells, Toxicological Sciences, 199 (2): 301–315, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfae038
Sankara Narayan, A., Dorea, C., Willetts, J. et al. A portfolio approach to achieving universal sanitation. Nat Water, 2, 1044–1047 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00336-0
Savage, J., Chamberlain, A., Fellows, M., Jones, R., Letessier, T. B., Llewellyn, F., … & Koldewey, H. (2024). Big brands impact small islands: Sources of plastic pollution in a remote and protected archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 203, 116476.
Schröder, P. and Barrie, J. (2024). How the circular economy can revive the Sustainable Development Goals: Priorities for immediate global action, and a policy blueprint for the transition to 2050, Research Paper, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, https://doi.org/10.55317/9781784136222
Schäffer, A., Groh K.J., Sigmund G., Azoulay, D. Backhaus, T., Bertram M.G., Carney Almroth B, Cousins IT, Ford AT, Grimalt JO, Guida Y, Hansson MC, Jeong Y, Lohmann R, Michaels D, Mueller L, Muncke J, Öberg G, Orellana MA, Sanganyado E, Schäfer RB, Sheriff I, Sullivan RC, Suzuki N, Vandenberg LN, Venier M, Vlahos P, Wagner M, Wang F, Wang M, Soehl A, Ågerstrand M, Diamond ML, Scheringer M. Conflicts of Interest in the Assessment of Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution. Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Dec 5;57(48):19066-19077. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04213.
Shah, F,, Wu, W., 2025. Overcoming roadblocks to a global plastic. Letters doi: 10.1126/science.adv0976
Street, A., Stringer, R., Mangesho, P., Ralston, R., & Greene, J. 2024. Why medical products must not be excluded from the Global Plastics Treaty. The Lancet, 404,10464, 1708–1710). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)02254-2
Stoett, P. (2024). Plastic Waste Colonialism: A Typology of Global Toxicity. In Plastic Waste Trade: A New Colonialist Means of Pollution Transfer (pp. 3-15). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
SCEPT (2024) – The-Global-Plastics-Treaty What science shows are essential elements for its success. Available at: https://ikhapp.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/The-Global-Plastics-Treaty-What-science-shows-are-essential-elements-for-its-success-2.pdf
SCEPT (2023). Transitioning to a safe and sustainable circular economy for plastics Available at: https://ikhapp.org/material/policy-brief-transitioning-to-a-safe-and-sustainable-circular-economy-for-plastics/
UNEP 2024. Global waste management outlook. Available: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/44939/global_waste_management_outlook_2024.pdf?sequence=3
UNDP. Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities. Available at: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/sustainable-cities-and-communities
Government of The Gambia and Common Seas 2024. National Action Plan to End Plastic Pollution in The Gambia Available: https://commonseas.com/news/the-gambia-launches-landmark-plan-to-reduce-plastic-pollution-by-86
Tchonkouang, R. D., Onyeaka, H., & Miri, T. (2023). From waste to plate: Exploring the impact of food waste valorisation on achieving zero hunger. Sustainability, 15(13), 10571.
The Guardian. (2024). Developed countries accused of bowing to lobbyists at plastic pollution talks Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/30/developed-countries-accused-bowing-lobbyists-plastic-pollution-talks?fbclid=IwY2xjawGap 9leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa2IpJJwL75OcjUhe6y0h_HPpRLNGhqy6WKMKW9VUZTUzE-6sP7TkJEpog_aem_Y0ZwbbCVrtzlp3nXAK6XdA
Tsironis, G., Daglis, T., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2024). The 21 most practiced RE-s of circular economy from LinkedIn company profiles on a global scale. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 21,200202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2024.200202
Triodios Bank (2024). Businesses urge EU action on people and planet Available at: Available at : https://www.triodos.com/en/articles/2024/businesses-urge-eu-action-on-people-and-planet
Troisi, R., De Simone, S., & Franco, M. (2023). Illegal firm behaviour and environmental hazard: The case of waste disposal. European Management Review, 21, 3,605–617.Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12600
Vaz, E., Anthony, A., & McHenry, M. (2017). The geography of environmental injustice. Habitat International, 59, pp. 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.001
Vitali, M., Castellani, F., Fragassi, G., Mascitelli, A., Martellucci, C., Diletti, G., & Manzoli, L. (2021). Environmental status of an Italian site highly polluted by illegal dumping of industrial wastes: The situation 15 years after the judicial intervention. Science of The Total Environment, 762, 144100.
Yates, J., Kadiyala, S., Deeney, M. et al. A toxic relationship: ultra-processed foods & plastics. Global Health 20, 74 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01078-0
Wagner M, Monclús L, Arp HPH, Groh KJ, Løseth ME, Muncke J, Wang Z and Wolf R (2024) State of the Science on Plastic Chemicals—Identifying and Addressing Chemicals and Polymers of Concern. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. https://zenodo.org/records/10701706
WeAreWater Foundation 2022. Decentralized sanitation. Where the sewer does not reach Available at:https://www.wearewater.org/en/insights/decentralized-sanitation-where-the-sewer-does-not-reach/
Whiteman, A. D., Hennessy, N., & Wilson, D. C. (2025). Rethinking waste and resource management for underserved communities. Oxford Development Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2025.2473957
World Business Council for Sustainable Development WBCSD (2024). Global Circularity Protocol for Business Impact Analysis Available at: https://www.wbcsd.org/resources/gcp-impact-analysis/
World Risk Poll 2024 Report. (2024). A World of Waste: Risks and opportunities in household waste management. Available at: https://wrp.lrfoundation.org.uk/sites/default/files/2024-09/WRP24%20 %20Waste%20Report%20%281%29_1.pdf
WRAP (2023). Is the Circular Economy prejudiced? Available at: https://www.wrap.ngo/media-centre/press-releases/circular-economy-prejudiced
Wilson, D. C. (2023). Learning from the past to plan for the future: An historical review of the evolution of waste and resource management 1970–2020 and reflections on priorities 2020–2030–The perspective of an involved witness. Waste Management & Research, 41(12), 1754-1813.
Zero Waste International Alliance (n.d). Zero Waste Hierarchy of Highest and Best Use 8.0. Available at: https://zwia.org/zwh/ (Accessed on 1 Nov 2024).
Zero Waste Europe (2025). Circular Economy Act – policy recommendations. Available at: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/library/circular-economy-act-policy-recommendations/
Zero Waste Europe (2024). For an ambitious EU mandate embracing a holistic vision on circular economy. Available at: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/library/joint-open-letter-ambitious-eu-mandate-embracing-a-holistic-vision-circular-economy/
Zero Waste Europe (2024). Wake-up call for the Spanish Government’: fake results on plastic recycling prompts demands for deposit return system in Spain. Available at: .https://zerowasteeurope.eu/press-release/wake-up-call-for-the-spanish-government-fake-results-on-plastic-recycling-prompts-demands-for-deposit-return-system-in-spain/
ZeroWaste Romania. (2022). Salacea towards zero-waste. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from https:// www.zerowasteromania.org/salacea-spre-zero-waste/
Zheng, J., Mittal, K., Fobil, J. N., Basu, N., & Bayen, S. (2024). Simultaneous targeted and non-targeted analysis of plastic-related contaminants in e-waste impacted soil in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, 917, 170219.
How to Cite This Article
Mihai, F. C. (2025). Circular Economy Transition on the Debate: Big Dreams but Harsh Realities. Journal of Circular Economy, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.55845/MJAM2116
Copyright
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Author Notes
Florin-Constantin Mihai[1][*]
[1] Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506, Iasi, Romania;
[*]Corresponding author: [email protected]
Published Details: Received: 12.11.2024 / Accepted: 17.05.2025 / Published: 25.06.2025